{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411270265","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2025.3579696","title":"A Novel Comprehensive Multiport Network Model for Stacked Intelligent Metasurfaces (SIM) Characterization and Optimization","display_name":"A Novel Comprehensive Multiport Network Model for Stacked Intelligent Metasurfaces (SIM) Characterization and Optimization","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411270265","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2025.3579696"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2025.3579696","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2025.3579696","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112286956","display_name":"Andrea Abrardo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8733-8381"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102064193","display_name":"University of Siena","ror":"https://ror.org/01tevnk56","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102064193"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Abrardo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering and Mathematics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy","University of Siena and CNIT, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8733-8381","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering and Mathematics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102064193"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Siena and CNIT, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102064193"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048422550","display_name":"Giulio Bartoli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1666-228X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102064193","display_name":"University of Siena","ror":"https://ror.org/01tevnk56","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102064193"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giulio Bartoli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering and Mathematics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy","University of Siena and CNIT, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1666-228X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering and Mathematics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102064193"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Siena and CNIT, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102064193"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022220414","display_name":"Alberto Toccafondi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7492-9902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102064193","display_name":"University of Siena","ror":"https://ror.org/01tevnk56","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102064193"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alberto Toccafondi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering and Mathematics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy","University of Siena and CNIT, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7492-9902","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering and Mathematics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102064193"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Siena and CNIT, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102064193"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102064193"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":23.5379,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99202791,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"11","first_page":"11559","last_page":"11573"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5193880200386047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/characterization","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","score":0.5149522423744202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4767954349517822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3267747759819031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.21515551209449768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.13461649417877197}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5193880200386047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780841128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5073781","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.5149522423744202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4767954349517822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3267747759819031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.21515551209449768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.13461649417877197}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2025.3579696","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2025.3579696","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:usiena-air.unisi.it:11365/1315635","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11036161","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196319","display_name":"Use Siena air (University of Siena)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I102064193","host_organization_name":"University of Siena","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102064193"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2106253730","https://openalex.org/W2798701005","https://openalex.org/W2963121727","https://openalex.org/W3035049807","https://openalex.org/W3043220753","https://openalex.org/W3120434479","https://openalex.org/W3129486236","https://openalex.org/W3131826124","https://openalex.org/W3196897972","https://openalex.org/W4212835306","https://openalex.org/W4248288458","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W4292970212","https://openalex.org/W4312879451","https://openalex.org/W4381198702","https://openalex.org/W4381785979","https://openalex.org/W4383899709","https://openalex.org/W4385656697","https://openalex.org/W4387869979","https://openalex.org/W4390491928","https://openalex.org/W4392157642","https://openalex.org/W4396505702","https://openalex.org/W4396941274","https://openalex.org/W4398151367","https://openalex.org/W4399209128","https://openalex.org/W4399666068","https://openalex.org/W4400526331","https://openalex.org/W4401357223","https://openalex.org/W4401748396","https://openalex.org/W4402157133","https://openalex.org/W4402159272","https://openalex.org/W4402215322","https://openalex.org/W4402834851","https://openalex.org/W4404479818","https://openalex.org/W4405440374","https://openalex.org/W4405632779"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3107994849","https://openalex.org/W4247143848","https://openalex.org/W2009883749","https://openalex.org/W2735573198","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W29442446","https://openalex.org/W4391913857"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reconfigurable":[0],"Intelligent":[1,25],"Surfaces":[2],"(RIS)":[3],"represent":[4],"transformative":[5],"technologies":[6],"for":[7,52,70,86,98,118,221],"next-generation":[8],"wireless":[9],"communications,":[10],"offering":[11,113],"advanced":[12],"control":[13],"over":[14],"electromagnetic":[15,90],"wave":[16],"propagation.":[17],"While":[18],"RIS":[19,31],"have":[20],"been":[21],"extensively":[22],"studied,":[23],"Stacked":[24],"Metasurfaces":[26],"(SIM),":[27],"which":[28],"extend":[29],"the":[30,74,104,123,133,142,147,150,156,159,167,174,184,205,214,223,230],"concept":[32],"to":[33,141],"multi-layered":[34],"systems,":[35],"present":[36,78],"significant":[37,202],"modeling":[38],"and":[39,94,121,163,208],"optimization":[40,50,117],"challenges.":[41],"This":[42],"work":[43,139],"addresses":[44],"these":[45,177,198,218],"challenges":[46],"by":[47,213],"introducing":[48],"an":[49,107],"framework":[51,97],"SIM":[53,105,116,160,168,206],"that,":[54],"unlike":[55],"previous":[56],"approaches,":[57],"is":[58,161,170],"based":[59,81],"on":[60,66,82,183],"a":[61,79,88,96,110,179,187,201],"comprehensive":[62,134],"model":[63,80,135,143,207,232],"without":[64],"relying":[65],"specific":[67,111],"assumptions,":[68,178],"allowing":[69],"broader":[71],"applicability":[72,175],"of":[73,152,158,176,186],"results.":[75],"We":[76,101],"first":[77],"multi-port":[83],"network":[84],"theory":[85],"characterizing":[87],"general":[89],"collaborative":[91],"object":[92],"(ECO)":[93],"derive":[95],"ECO":[99,108],"optimization.":[100],"then":[102],"introduce":[103,200],"as":[106,211],"with":[109,126],"architecture,":[112],"insights":[114],"into":[115],"various":[119],"configurations":[120],"discussing":[122],"complexities":[124],"associated":[125],"each":[127],"case.":[128],"Finally,":[129],"we":[130,195,226],"demonstrate":[131],"that":[132,197,228],"considered":[136],"in":[137,146,234],"this":[138,193,235],"simplifies":[140],"traditionally":[144],"used":[145],"literature":[148],"when":[149],"assumption":[151],"unilateral":[153],"propagation":[154],"between":[155,166,204],"levels":[157],"made,":[162],"mutual":[164],"coupling":[165],"elements":[169],"neglected.":[171],"To":[172],"assess":[173],"case":[180],"study":[181],"focused":[182],"realization":[185],"2D":[188],"DFT":[189],"was":[190],"undertaken.":[191],"In":[192],"context,":[194],"highlight":[196],"assumptions":[199],"mismatch":[203],"its":[209],"behavior":[210],"described":[212],"complete":[215,231],"model,":[216],"making":[217],"approximations":[219],"inadequate":[220],"optimizing":[222],"SIM.":[224],"Conversely,":[225],"show":[227],"employing":[229],"proposed":[233],"paper":[236],"can":[237],"yield":[238],"excellent":[239],"performance.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}