{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406311247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2025.3529220","title":"Performance Analysis of PPM-SNSPD System for Deep Space Optical Communications","display_name":"Performance Analysis of PPM-SNSPD System for Deep Space Optical Communications","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406311247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2025.3529220"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2025.3529220","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2025.3529220","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050371780","display_name":"Ziyuan Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5227-4172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086028","display_name":"Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization","ror":"https://ror.org/00cn03n83","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210086028"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ziyuan Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Space Utilization, Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China","Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Key Laboratory of Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Space Utilization, Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086028","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Key Laboratory of Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086028","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057410689","display_name":"Xiaowei Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9774-6674"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086028","display_name":"Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization","ror":"https://ror.org/00cn03n83","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210086028"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaowei Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Space Utilization, Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China","Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Key Laboratory of Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Space Utilization, Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086028","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Key Laboratory of Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086028","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030725105","display_name":"Lei Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9237-4207"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086028","display_name":"Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization","ror":"https://ror.org/00cn03n83","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210086028"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Space Utilization, Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China","Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Key Laboratory of Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Space Utilization, Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086028","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Key Laboratory of Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086028","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109072930","display_name":"Yueying Zhan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086028","display_name":"Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization","ror":"https://ror.org/00cn03n83","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210086028"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yueying Zhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Space Utilization, Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China","Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Key Laboratory of Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Space Utilization, Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086028","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Key Laboratory of Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086028","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006080984","display_name":"Derrick Wing Kwan Ng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6400-712X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Derrick Wing Kwan Ng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100366960","display_name":"Qiang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2379-6502"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086028","display_name":"Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization","ror":"https://ror.org/00cn03n83","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210086028"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Space Utilization, Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China","Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Key Laboratory of Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Space Utilization, Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086028","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Key Laboratory of Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086028","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050371780"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210086028"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4866,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91563244,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"8","first_page":"6221","last_page":"6235"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9812999963760376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9812999963760376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14158","display_name":"Optical Systems and Laser Technology","score":0.9764000177383423,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9505000114440918,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-communication","display_name":"Optical communication","score":0.52264404296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nasa-deep-space-network","display_name":"NASA Deep Space Network","score":0.4621937870979309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4227708578109741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-system","display_name":"Communications system","score":0.4170885384082794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.41031086444854736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3963136672973633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.39200788736343384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.3604793846607208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.3521754741668701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.32686689496040344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.29070550203323364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spacecraft","display_name":"Spacecraft","score":0.11747539043426514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.09976115822792053}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129404179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469765","display_name":"Optical communication","level":2,"score":0.52264404296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187107819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835696","display_name":"NASA Deep Space Network","level":3,"score":0.4621937870979309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4227708578109741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.4170885384082794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.41031086444854736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3963136672973633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.39200788736343384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.3604793846607208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3521754741668701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.32686689496040344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.29070550203323364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29829512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40218","display_name":"Spacecraft","level":2,"score":0.11747539043426514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.09976115822792053}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2025.3529220","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2025.3529220","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4746615245","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62301533","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6183824410","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022161","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322847","funder_display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6532987391","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U24A20214","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6760005306","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XDA30030600","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7376702713","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62371439","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322847","display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/031141b54"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980901763","https://openalex.org/W1984042648","https://openalex.org/W1986548923","https://openalex.org/W2032904938","https://openalex.org/W2036849773","https://openalex.org/W2043545368","https://openalex.org/W2048560967","https://openalex.org/W2058401403","https://openalex.org/W2075728804","https://openalex.org/W2081611363","https://openalex.org/W2102368722","https://openalex.org/W2115436074","https://openalex.org/W2130198719","https://openalex.org/W2154296495","https://openalex.org/W2160581303","https://openalex.org/W2171798636","https://openalex.org/W2511038469","https://openalex.org/W2594469548","https://openalex.org/W2740425556","https://openalex.org/W2789554959","https://openalex.org/W2805018337","https://openalex.org/W2889052884","https://openalex.org/W2894403323","https://openalex.org/W2913310757","https://openalex.org/W2914650425","https://openalex.org/W2917056519","https://openalex.org/W2919912864","https://openalex.org/W2951367297","https://openalex.org/W2963773089","https://openalex.org/W2966869304","https://openalex.org/W3011225900","https://openalex.org/W3120793220","https://openalex.org/W3157656919","https://openalex.org/W3183753615","https://openalex.org/W3204392325","https://openalex.org/W4220828031","https://openalex.org/W4283764102","https://openalex.org/W4285222319","https://openalex.org/W4286111319","https://openalex.org/W4292826162","https://openalex.org/W4313430481","https://openalex.org/W4318217670","https://openalex.org/W4390485499","https://openalex.org/W4391124237","https://openalex.org/W4391347465","https://openalex.org/W6628103080","https://openalex.org/W6637149629","https://openalex.org/W6803712692"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2965896786","https://openalex.org/W1194392288","https://openalex.org/W2375421541","https://openalex.org/W1982437770","https://openalex.org/W2006215529","https://openalex.org/W1570537255","https://openalex.org/W2887852038","https://openalex.org/W4319082625","https://openalex.org/W3165738400","https://openalex.org/W2048051473"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,36],"optical":[1],"communication":[2],"system":[3,82],"using":[4],"pulse":[5],"position":[6],"modulation":[7],"(PPM)":[8],"and":[9,83,104,125],"superconducting":[10],"nanowire":[11],"single-photon":[12],"detectors":[13],"(SNSPDs)":[14],"has":[15],"attracted":[16],"considerable":[17],"attention":[18],"for":[19,89],"deep":[20],"space":[21],"applications":[22],"as":[23],"it":[24,48],"enables":[25],"high":[26],"speed":[27],"data":[28],"transmission":[29],"at":[30],"extremely":[31],"low":[32],"average":[33],"signal":[34,52],"power.":[35],"deadtime":[37,65,111],"of":[38,131,138],"SNSPD":[39],"is":[40,144],"a":[41,136],"critical":[42],"factor":[43],"in":[44,60,119],"such":[45],"systems":[46],"because":[47],"primarily":[49],"affects":[50],"the":[51,64,73,79,100,115,129,148,153],"detection":[53],"efficiency.":[54],"This":[55],"becomes":[56],"even":[57],"more":[58,164],"crucial":[59],"high-speed":[61,80],"systems,":[62],"where":[63],"can":[66],"span":[67],"several":[68],"symbol":[69,90,101],"periods.":[70],"We":[71],"employ":[72],"Markov":[74],"chain":[75],"model":[76],"to":[77,95,114],"characterize":[78,96],"PPM-SNSPD":[81,116],"investigate":[84],"its":[85],"behavior.":[86],"Analytical":[87],"expressions":[88,143,162],"transition":[91],"probabilities":[92],"are":[93],"derived":[94],"system-level":[97],"metrics,":[98],"including":[99],"error":[102],"rate":[103],"achievable":[105],"code":[106],"rate.":[107],"Analysis":[108],"shows":[109],"that":[110],"introduces":[112],"memory":[113],"channel,":[117],"resulting":[118],"channel":[120],"asymmetry.":[121],"Through":[122],"experimental":[123],"verification":[124],"simulations,":[126],"we":[127],"confirmed":[128],"effectiveness":[130],"our":[132,159],"analysis.":[133],"In":[134],"addition,":[135],"set":[137],"new":[139,149],"log-likelihood":[140],"ratio":[141],"(LLR)":[142],"proposed":[145,160],"based":[146],"on":[147],"model.":[150],"Compared":[151],"with":[152],"commonly":[154],"used":[155],"Poisson":[156],"LLR":[157,161],"expression,":[158],"show":[163],"than":[165],"0.5":[166],"dB":[167],"performance":[168],"gain.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}