{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404788522","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2024.3506928","title":"Approaching Massive MIMO Performance With Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces: We Do Not Need Many Antennas","display_name":"Approaching Massive MIMO Performance With Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces: We Do Not Need Many Antennas","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404788522","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2024.3506928"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2024.3506928","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2024.3506928","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017495041","display_name":"Giovanni Interdonato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6078-835X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099310","display_name":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni","ror":"https://ror.org/0182a5n39","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Interdonato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni (CNIT), Parma, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6078-835X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni (CNIT), Parma, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053430743","display_name":"Francesca Di Murro","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099310","display_name":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni","ror":"https://ror.org/0182a5n39","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesca Di Murro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni (CNIT), Parma, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni (CNIT), Parma, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030612537","display_name":"Carmen D\u2019Andrea","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9398-4111"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099310","display_name":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni","ror":"https://ror.org/0182a5n39","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carmen D\u2019Andrea","raw_affiliation_strings":["Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni (CNIT), Parma, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9398-4111","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni (CNIT), Parma, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019933558","display_name":"Giovanni Di Gennaro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9757-1712"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099310","display_name":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni","ror":"https://ror.org/0182a5n39","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Di Gennaro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni (CNIT), Parma, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9757-1712","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni (CNIT), Parma, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013919815","display_name":"Stefano Buzzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0046-8968"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099310","display_name":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni","ror":"https://ror.org/0182a5n39","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Buzzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni (CNIT), Parma, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0046-8968","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni (CNIT), Parma, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7864,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85228187,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"6","first_page":"4000","last_page":"4016"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.6887686252593994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-antenna","display_name":"Smart antenna","score":0.6438440084457397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5867342352867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.5799120664596558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reconfigurable-antenna","display_name":"Reconfigurable antenna","score":0.579088032245636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.44484972953796387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/directional-antenna","display_name":"Directional antenna","score":0.3821675777435303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.29138022661209106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.25936922430992126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.22307810187339783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/omnidirectional-antenna","display_name":"Omnidirectional antenna","score":0.20776891708374023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.16166970133781433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna-efficiency","display_name":"Antenna efficiency","score":0.07279175519943237}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.6887686252593994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143635782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187868","display_name":"Smart antenna","level":4,"score":0.6438440084457397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5867342352867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5799120664596558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131369404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554278","display_name":"Reconfigurable antenna","level":5,"score":0.579088032245636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.44484972953796387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64671776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q769152","display_name":"Directional antenna","level":3,"score":0.3821675777435303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.29138022661209106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.25936922430992126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.22307810187339783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24027999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2176348","display_name":"Omnidirectional antenna","level":3,"score":0.20776891708374023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.16166970133781433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160844929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55604036","display_name":"Antenna efficiency","level":4,"score":0.07279175519943237}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2024.3506928","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2024.3506928","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1518945650","https://openalex.org/W1964827135","https://openalex.org/W1991264581","https://openalex.org/W2032262780","https://openalex.org/W2091502075","https://openalex.org/W2770606349","https://openalex.org/W2896488630","https://openalex.org/W2950077417","https://openalex.org/W2956059314","https://openalex.org/W2964292558","https://openalex.org/W2968810373","https://openalex.org/W2968938322","https://openalex.org/W2969424089","https://openalex.org/W2974107276","https://openalex.org/W2995554704","https://openalex.org/W3006557588","https://openalex.org/W3035192482","https://openalex.org/W3036886449","https://openalex.org/W3043220753","https://openalex.org/W3047300490","https://openalex.org/W3048745140","https://openalex.org/W3084194173","https://openalex.org/W3095358620","https://openalex.org/W3120822682","https://openalex.org/W3123261042","https://openalex.org/W3130437501","https://openalex.org/W3131826124","https://openalex.org/W3134021994","https://openalex.org/W3135998278","https://openalex.org/W3136657092","https://openalex.org/W3137570378","https://openalex.org/W3163555793","https://openalex.org/W3177820584","https://openalex.org/W3183718432","https://openalex.org/W3193513252","https://openalex.org/W3205217150","https://openalex.org/W4225737845","https://openalex.org/W4226065768","https://openalex.org/W4226370247","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W4285246009","https://openalex.org/W4293057437","https://openalex.org/W4296704797","https://openalex.org/W4312984309","https://openalex.org/W4313001863","https://openalex.org/W4376456481","https://openalex.org/W4381785979","https://openalex.org/W4385864374","https://openalex.org/W4387870014","https://openalex.org/W4388283916","https://openalex.org/W4389799491","https://openalex.org/W4392207953","https://openalex.org/W4405179063","https://openalex.org/W6803043570"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2589850439","https://openalex.org/W2792325953","https://openalex.org/W2388719954","https://openalex.org/W2039046864","https://openalex.org/W1986907997","https://openalex.org/W4400111530","https://openalex.org/W2054857798","https://openalex.org/W4285590736","https://openalex.org/W4391095902","https://openalex.org/W2061417030"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"considers":[2],"an":[3,96],"antenna":[4,153],"structure":[5,132,154],"where":[6],"a":[7,21,36,168],"(non-large)":[8],"array":[9,44],"of":[10,20,45,121,137,148],"radiating":[11,46],"elements":[12,47],"is":[13,133,155],"placed":[14],"at":[15,100],"short":[16],"distance":[17],"in":[18,67,118,145,167],"front":[19],"reconfigurable":[22,28],"intelligent":[23,29],"surface":[24],"(RIS),":[25],"herein":[26],"nicknamed":[27],"base":[30],"station":[31],"(RIBS).":[32],"We":[33],"firstly":[34],"derive":[35],"closed-form":[37],"expression":[38],"for":[39,87],"the":[40,43,49,53,61,88,102,105,110,119,130,146],"channel":[41,62,79],"between":[42],"and":[48,56,64,74,81,94,114,123,135],"RIS":[50,115],"that":[51,129],"captures":[52],"near-field":[54],"effects,":[55],"give":[57],"some":[58],"considerations":[59],"on":[60,71],"hardening":[63],"favorable":[65],"propagation":[66],"this":[68],"scenario.":[69],"Focusing":[70],"both":[72,117],"active":[73,122,149],"passive":[75,124],"RIS,":[76],"we":[77,92],"describe":[78],"estimation":[80],"downlink":[82,111],"signal":[83],"processing":[84],"techniques":[85],"suitable":[86],"RIBS":[89],"structure.":[90],"Additionally,":[91],"formulate":[93],"solve":[95],"optimization":[97],"problem":[98],"aimed":[99],"maximizing":[101],"fairness":[103],"among":[104],"users":[106],"with":[107,171],"respect":[108],"to":[109,158,161],"power":[112],"coefficients":[113],"configuration":[116],"cases":[120],"RIBS.":[125,150],"Numerical":[126],"results":[127],"show":[128],"proposed":[131,152],"effective":[134],"capable":[136],"outperforming":[138],"conventional":[139],"non-RIS":[140],"aided":[141],"MIMO":[142,164],"systems,":[143],"especially":[144],"case":[147],"The":[151],"thus":[156],"shown":[157],"be":[159],"able":[160],"approach":[162],"massive":[163],"performance":[165],"levels":[166],"cost-effective":[169],"way":[170],"reduced":[172],"hardware":[173],"resources.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
