{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403210737","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2024.3476083","title":"Energy-Efficient NOMA for 5G Heterogeneous Services: A Joint Optimization and Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach","display_name":"Energy-Efficient NOMA for 5G Heterogeneous Services: A Joint Optimization and Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403210737","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2024.3476083"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2024.3476083","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2024.3476083","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2024.3476083","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027473030","display_name":"Duc\u2010Dung Tran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0040-3921"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Duc-Dung Tran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdisciplinary Center for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Center for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060290096","display_name":"Vu Nguyen Ha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1325-3480"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vu Nguyen Ha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdisciplinary Center for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Center for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004973785","display_name":"Shree Krishna Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9823-2886"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shree Krishna Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdisciplinary Center for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Center for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050608070","display_name":"Ti Ti Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3933-2486"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ti Ti Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdisciplinary Center for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg","Universit&#x00E9; du Qu&#x00E9;bec, Montr&#x00E9;al, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Center for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit&#x00E9; du Qu&#x00E9;bec, Montr&#x00E9;al, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016154330","display_name":"Symeon Chatzinotas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5122-0001"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Symeon Chatzinotas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdisciplinary Center for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Center for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071289803","display_name":"Petar Popovski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6195-4797"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","display_name":"Aalborg University","ror":"https://ror.org/04m5j1k67","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Petar Popovski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Systems, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Systems, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027473030"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8748,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74503937,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"4","first_page":"2448","last_page":"2465"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noma","display_name":"Noma","score":0.8947049379348755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7718079090118408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint","display_name":"Joint (building)","score":0.6662794351577759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6398454904556274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.47190791368484497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement","display_name":"Reinforcement","score":0.47019633650779724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.45709484815597534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.37147122621536255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3428787589073181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3225284814834595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.27223312854766846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.25055375695228577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24038851261138916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1795462667942047}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775918612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q994794","display_name":"Noma","level":3,"score":0.8947049379348755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7718079090118408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.6662794351577759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6398454904556274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.47190791368484497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.47019633650779724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.45709484815597534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.37147122621536255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3428787589073181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3225284814834595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.27223312854766846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25055375695228577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24038851261138916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1795462667942047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2024.3476083","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2024.3476083","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:orbilu.uni.lu:10993/62410","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/62410","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401815","display_name":"Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","host_organization_name":"University of Luxembourg","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications, 73 (4), 2448 - 2465 (2025-04)","raw_type":"peer reviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/725b6f53-7a79-41b7-b0ed-62c8024d75de","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://vbn.aau.dk/da/publications/725b6f53-7a79-41b7-b0ed-62c8024d75de","pdf_url":"https://vbn.aau.dk/ws/files/780660988/Open_Acces_Article.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401731","display_name":"VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","host_organization_name":"Aalborg University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Tran, D D, Ha, V N, Sharma, S K, Nguyen, T T, Chatzinotas, S & Popovski, P 2025, 'Energy-Efficient NOMA for 5G Heterogeneous Services : A Joint Optimization and Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach', IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 2448-2465. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCOMM.2024.3476083","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2024.3476083","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2024.3476083","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.6700000166893005}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7797902843","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"C19/IS/13713801","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321038","funder_display_name":"Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321038","display_name":"Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/039z13y21"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967956032","https://openalex.org/W2024013565","https://openalex.org/W2036533317","https://openalex.org/W2262889796","https://openalex.org/W2601871131","https://openalex.org/W2626006124","https://openalex.org/W2746553466","https://openalex.org/W2758392317","https://openalex.org/W2900655085","https://openalex.org/W2904457167","https://openalex.org/W2911728646","https://openalex.org/W2952736579","https://openalex.org/W2963035503","https://openalex.org/W2968764495","https://openalex.org/W3004968144","https://openalex.org/W3008919672","https://openalex.org/W3010699032","https://openalex.org/W3023368031","https://openalex.org/W3026387788","https://openalex.org/W3026962980","https://openalex.org/W3027993135","https://openalex.org/W3036350030","https://openalex.org/W3036551295","https://openalex.org/W3045699231","https://openalex.org/W3111053913","https://openalex.org/W3119941528","https://openalex.org/W3134502172","https://openalex.org/W3156979154","https://openalex.org/W3171310561","https://openalex.org/W3207120344","https://openalex.org/W3211480599","https://openalex.org/W3212658751","https://openalex.org/W4205091231","https://openalex.org/W4221160108","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W4280524268","https://openalex.org/W4293057562","https://openalex.org/W4295308193","https://openalex.org/W4312797260","https://openalex.org/W4382999045","https://openalex.org/W4385153795","https://openalex.org/W4388040475","https://openalex.org/W6685444567","https://openalex.org/W6760260384","https://openalex.org/W6801782428","https://openalex.org/W6809739081","https://openalex.org/W6840729427","https://openalex.org/W6864350279"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3030525848","https://openalex.org/W4385197910","https://openalex.org/W2340639785","https://openalex.org/W3010814398","https://openalex.org/W4385197899","https://openalex.org/W3005957545","https://openalex.org/W2076432172","https://openalex.org/W4309235375","https://openalex.org/W2887349183","https://openalex.org/W4364360709"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"escalating":[1],"number":[2],"of":[3,69,99,111,194],"wireless":[4],"users":[5,40],"requiring":[6],"different":[7],"services,":[8],"such":[9],"as":[10],"enhanced":[11],"mobile":[12],"broadband":[13],"(eMBB),":[14],"massive":[15],"machine-type":[16],"communications":[17,22],"(mMTC),":[18],"and":[19,82,163,180,188,197],"ultra-reliable":[20],"low-latency":[21],"(URLLC),":[23],"has":[24],"led":[25],"to":[26,44,60,146],"exploring":[27],"non-orthogonal":[28,33],"multiplexing":[29],"methods":[30],"like":[31],"heterogeneous":[32],"multiple":[34],"access":[35,67],"(H-NOMA).":[36],"This":[37],"method":[38,183],"allows":[39],"demanding":[41],"divergent":[42],"services":[43],"share":[45],"the":[46,51,65,95,113,143,176,185],"same":[47],"resources.":[48],"However,":[49],"implementing":[50],"H-NOMA":[52],"scheme":[53,138],"faces":[54],"major":[55],"resource":[56,89],"management":[57],"challenges":[58],"due":[59],"unpredictable":[61],"interference":[62],"caused":[63],"by":[64],"random":[66],"mechanism":[68],"mMTC":[70],"users.":[71,126,150],"To":[72],"address":[73],"this":[74,76,103],"issue,":[75],"paper":[77],"proposes":[78],"a":[79,130,153],"joint":[80,178],"optimization":[81,108,179],"cooperative":[83,131],"multi-agent":[84],"(MA)":[85],"deep":[86,134],"reinforcement":[87],"learning-based":[88,156],"allocation":[90,116,165],"mechanism,":[91],"aimed":[92],"at":[93,142],"maximizing":[94],"energy":[96],"efficiency":[97],"(EE)":[98],"H-NOMA-based":[100],"networks.":[101],"Specifically,":[102],"work":[104],"initially":[105],"establishes":[106],"an":[107],"framework":[109],"capable":[110],"determining":[112],"optimal":[114],"power":[115,164],"for":[117,124,160,169],"any":[118],"specific":[119],"sub-channel":[120],"assignment":[121],"(SA)":[122],"setting":[123],"all":[125],"Based":[127],"on":[128],"that,":[129],"MA":[132],"double":[133],"Q":[135],"network":[136],"(CMADDQN)":[137],"is":[139,166],"carefully":[140],"designed":[141,168],"base":[144],"station":[145],"conduct":[147],"SA":[148,162],"among":[149],"In":[151],"addition,":[152],"distributed":[154],"full":[155],"approach":[157,187],"using":[158],"MADDQN":[159],"both":[161],"also":[167],"comparison":[170],"purposes.":[171],"Simulation":[172],"results":[173],"show":[174],"that":[175],"proposed":[177],"machine":[181],"learning":[182],"outperforms":[184],"solely-learning-based":[186],"other":[189],"benchmark":[190],"schemes":[191],"in":[192],"terms":[193],"convergence":[195],"rate":[196],"EE":[198],"performance.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-11T14:59:36.786465","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
