{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396523201","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2024.3395319","title":"Traffic-Aware Hierarchical Beam Selection for Cell-Free Massive MIMO","display_name":"Traffic-Aware Hierarchical Beam Selection for Cell-Free Massive MIMO","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396523201","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2024.3395319"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2024.3395319","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2024.3395319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100424712","display_name":"Chenyang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2931-4743"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155350","display_name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/04zcbk583","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chenyang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Mobile Communication Research Laboratory, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China","The School of Information Science and Engineering, National Mobile Communication Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communication Research Laboratory, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Information Science and Engineering, National Mobile Communication Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100439698","display_name":"Cheng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2663-4207"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155350","display_name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/04zcbk583","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Mobile Communication Research Laboratory, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China","The School of Information Science and Engineering, National Mobile Communication Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communication Research Laboratory, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Information Science and Engineering, National Mobile Communication Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065732198","display_name":"Fan Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9769-0057"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155350","display_name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/04zcbk583","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056225611","display_name":"Yongming Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2545-2875"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155350","display_name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/04zcbk583","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongming Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Mobile Communication Research Laboratory, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China","The School of Information Science and Engineering, National Mobile Communication Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communication Research Laboratory, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Information Science and Engineering, National Mobile Communication Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100653327","display_name":"Wei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1059-3642"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155350","display_name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/04zcbk583","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]}],"countries":["AU","CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China","School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100424712"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350","https://openalex.org/I76569877"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6429,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83405523,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":"10","first_page":"6490","last_page":"6504"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.752886176109314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6833652257919312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.6430994272232056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.5533386468887329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection-algorithm","display_name":"Selection algorithm","score":0.49394136667251587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.4700918197631836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.44071701169013977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.43041759729385376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.4292401075363159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4008125960826874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.38286158442497253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.37173402309417725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.27791735529899597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.14587357640266418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1021883487701416}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.752886176109314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6833652257919312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6430994272232056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.5533386468887329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775973920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3252726","display_name":"Selection algorithm","level":3,"score":0.49394136667251587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.4700918197631836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.44071701169013977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.43041759729385376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.4292401075363159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4008125960826874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.38286158442497253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.37173402309417725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.27791735529899597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.14587357640266418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1021883487701416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2024.3395319","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2024.3395319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2646936429","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62201394","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3167323242","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2242022k60002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309617","funder_display_name":"National Foundation for Science and Technology Development"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6710891057","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271140","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7690090146","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20222001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309617","funder_display_name":"National Foundation for Science and Technology Development"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G900479562","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62225107","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309617","display_name":"National Foundation for Science and Technology Development","ror":"https://ror.org/04rw64z44"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W948366128","https://openalex.org/W1535362233","https://openalex.org/W1845972764","https://openalex.org/W1930400786","https://openalex.org/W1956027752","https://openalex.org/W2157552453","https://openalex.org/W2168764826","https://openalex.org/W2338858490","https://openalex.org/W2725078910","https://openalex.org/W2746553466","https://openalex.org/W2766809948","https://openalex.org/W2805657678","https://openalex.org/W2908261578","https://openalex.org/W2963408914","https://openalex.org/W2963762747","https://openalex.org/W2964042011","https://openalex.org/W2986053324","https://openalex.org/W3016754131","https://openalex.org/W3023850691","https://openalex.org/W3081455451","https://openalex.org/W3099908750","https://openalex.org/W3108957811","https://openalex.org/W3118245008","https://openalex.org/W3122500639","https://openalex.org/W3129153311","https://openalex.org/W3158571554","https://openalex.org/W3158743991","https://openalex.org/W3206630627","https://openalex.org/W3209298344","https://openalex.org/W3210804769","https://openalex.org/W4205212399","https://openalex.org/W4205508832","https://openalex.org/W4213251304","https://openalex.org/W4285817698","https://openalex.org/W4286893914","https://openalex.org/W4292975338","https://openalex.org/W4312794124","https://openalex.org/W4386025671","https://openalex.org/W4391496508","https://openalex.org/W4396754388","https://openalex.org/W6639175102","https://openalex.org/W6766805167","https://openalex.org/W6859561816"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W4362501864","https://openalex.org/W4380318855","https://openalex.org/W2384373317","https://openalex.org/W4311180247","https://openalex.org/W1570809589","https://openalex.org/W2124364062","https://openalex.org/W2433632164","https://openalex.org/W2358110016"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Beam":[0],"selection":[1,31,43,111],"for":[2],"joint":[3],"transmission":[4],"in":[5,46,70],"cell-free":[6],"massive":[7],"multi-input":[8],"multi-output":[9],"systems":[10],"faces":[11],"the":[12,29,51,53,67,71,83,92,104,149,152,160,178],"problem":[13],"of":[14,25,107,139],"extremely":[15],"high":[16],"training":[17,135,167,171],"overhead":[18,172],"and":[19,133,145,151,169,173],"computational":[20],"complexity.":[21],"The":[22],"traffic-aware":[23,40],"quality":[24],"service":[26],"additionally":[27],"complicates":[28],"beam":[30,42,59,73,86,110,170],"problem.":[32],"To":[33],"address":[34],"this":[35],"issue,":[36],"we":[37,94,118],"propose":[38],"a":[39,47,76,96],"hierarchical":[41,126],"scheme":[44],"performed":[45],"dual":[48],"timescale.":[49],"In":[50,91],"long-timescale,":[52],"central":[54],"processing":[55],"unit":[56],"collects":[57],"wide":[58],"responses":[60],"from":[61],"base":[62],"stations":[63],"(BSs)":[64],"to":[65,102,141,176,183],"predict":[66],"power":[68],"profile":[69],"narrow":[72],"space":[74,87],"with":[75,136],"convolutional":[77],"neural":[78],"network,":[79],"based":[80],"on":[81],"which":[82],"cascaded":[84],"multiple-BS":[85],"is":[88],"carefully":[89],"pruned.":[90],"short-timescale,":[93],"introduce":[95],"centralized":[97,134],"reinforcement":[98],"learning":[99],"(RL)":[100],"algorithm":[101],"maximize":[103],"satisfaction":[105],"rate":[106],"delay":[108,180],"w.r.t.":[109],"within":[112],"multiple":[113],"consecutive":[114],"time":[115],"slots.":[116],"Moreover,":[117],"put":[119],"forward":[120],"three":[121],"scalable":[122],"distributed":[123,127,131],"algorithms":[124],"including":[125],"Lyapunov":[128],"optimization,":[129],"fully":[130],"RL,":[132],"decentralized":[137],"execution":[138,153],"RL":[140],"achieve":[142],"better":[143,146],"scalability":[144],"tradeoff":[147],"between":[148],"performance":[150],"signal":[154],"overhead.":[155],"Numerical":[156],"results":[157],"demonstrate":[158],"that":[159],"proposed":[161],"schemes":[162],"significantly":[163],"reduce":[164],"both":[165],"model":[166],"cost":[168],"are":[174],"easier":[175],"meet":[177],"user-specific":[179],"requirement,":[181],"compared":[182],"existing":[184],"methods.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}