{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392823850","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2024.3375814","title":"Multi-Intensity Quantum Secure Direct Communication Relying on Finite Block-Length","display_name":"Multi-Intensity Quantum Secure Direct Communication Relying on Finite Block-Length","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392823850","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2024.3375814"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2024.3375814","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2024.3375814","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081726511","display_name":"Ze-Zhou Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ze-Zhou Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and the Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2539-343X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and the Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066209629","display_name":"Dong Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3922-1308"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150858","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04nqf9k60","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150858"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3922-1308","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150858"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111220641","display_name":"Yuan-Bin Cheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan-Bin Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and the Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and the Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100373052","display_name":"Yuchen Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5376-0017"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu-Chen Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and the Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and the Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076562970","display_name":"Dong Ruan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8147-2151"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150858","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04nqf9k60","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150858"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767819","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/016g9tg59","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391767819","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Ruan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, and the Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8147-2151","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, and the Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391767819","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150858","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108056437","display_name":"Gui\u2010Lu Long","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9023-1579"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150858","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04nqf9k60","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150858"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gui-Lu Long","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and the Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, China","Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9023-1579","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and the Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150858"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150858"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6778,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90574245,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":"8","first_page":"4633","last_page":"4647"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13182","display_name":"Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata","score":0.9779000282287598,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5393026471138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.4450911581516266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.44408631324768066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-information-science","display_name":"Quantum information science","score":0.4293704926967621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intensity","display_name":"Intensity (physics)","score":0.4158411920070648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4086903929710388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-entanglement","display_name":"Quantum entanglement","score":0.3866974115371704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.37800920009613037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.36484962701797485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.35818248987197876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2981069087982178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.23114290833473206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21516793966293335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.21367570757865906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.1984556019306183}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5393026471138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.4450911581516266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.44408631324768066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5320026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122216","display_name":"Quantum information science","level":4,"score":0.4293704926967621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93038891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061524","display_name":"Intensity (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4158411920070648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4086903929710388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121040770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215675","display_name":"Quantum entanglement","level":3,"score":0.3866974115371704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.37800920009613037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.36484962701797485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.35818248987197876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2981069087982178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.23114290833473206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21516793966293335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.21367570757865906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.1984556019306183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2024.3375814","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2024.3375814","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1581485471","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62131002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5365634839","display_name":"\u6d4b\u91cf\u8bbe\u5907\u65e0\u5173\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u5b89\u5168\u76f4\u63a5\u901a\u4fe1\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"11974205","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7071189083","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12205011","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1599958972","https://openalex.org/W1716995571","https://openalex.org/W1899372466","https://openalex.org/W1935679917","https://openalex.org/W1996059396","https://openalex.org/W2004980778","https://openalex.org/W2019336689","https://openalex.org/W2020404878","https://openalex.org/W2020886883","https://openalex.org/W2035972614","https://openalex.org/W2038032882","https://openalex.org/W2040211109","https://openalex.org/W2043769961","https://openalex.org/W2051051926","https://openalex.org/W2079959616","https://openalex.org/W2093144089","https://openalex.org/W2106864314","https://openalex.org/W2115328106","https://openalex.org/W2131705908","https://openalex.org/W2141412822","https://openalex.org/W2168792807","https://openalex.org/W2766210587","https://openalex.org/W2963490414","https://openalex.org/W2982622649","https://openalex.org/W2995235436","https://openalex.org/W2996463421","https://openalex.org/W3022213297","https://openalex.org/W3039392248","https://openalex.org/W3088335511","https://openalex.org/W3101814833","https://openalex.org/W3103744872","https://openalex.org/W3110989801","https://openalex.org/W3154681257","https://openalex.org/W3163360664","https://openalex.org/W3172410590","https://openalex.org/W3195049517","https://openalex.org/W3210746863","https://openalex.org/W4210445787","https://openalex.org/W4224317763","https://openalex.org/W4226197639","https://openalex.org/W4226314282","https://openalex.org/W4320712922","https://openalex.org/W4321498089","https://openalex.org/W4327661959","https://openalex.org/W4367173282","https://openalex.org/W4391948471","https://openalex.org/W6654347880","https://openalex.org/W6858762934"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2065830994","https://openalex.org/W1964921276","https://openalex.org/W2741523612","https://openalex.org/W3104551701","https://openalex.org/W2258058860","https://openalex.org/W2102682197","https://openalex.org/W2199349817","https://openalex.org/W2946365274","https://openalex.org/W1557262810","https://openalex.org/W2369133448"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Quantum":[0],"secure":[1,53],"direct":[2],"communication":[3,54],"(QSDC)":[4],"directly":[5],"transmits":[6],"confidential":[7],"information":[8,80],"over":[9,121],"a":[10,39,56,102,122,133],"quantum":[11,34],"channel.":[12],"In":[13],"this":[14],"context,":[15],"it":[16],"is":[17,107,117],"important":[18],"to":[19],"take":[20],"into":[21],"account":[22],"the":[23,33,86,114,125],"multi-photon":[24],"effect":[25],"when":[26],"using":[27],"weak":[28],"coherent":[29],"laser":[30,45],"pulses":[31,46,66],"as":[32],"source.":[35],"Here":[36],"we":[37],"propose":[38],"multi-intensity":[40],"QSDC":[41,97],"(MI-QSDC)":[42],"protocol":[43,116],"where":[44,62],"having":[47],"different":[48],"intensities":[49,75],"are":[50,67,76,98],"used":[51,68,77],"for":[52,69,79],"in":[55,85,96],"fashion":[57],"reminiscent":[58],"of":[59,73,119,127,136],"decoy":[60],"states,":[61],"only":[63],"signal":[64],"intensity":[65],"key":[70],"exchange.":[71],"Pulses":[72],"all":[74],"both":[78],"transmission":[81],"and":[82,101],"eavesdropping":[83],"detection":[84],"MI-QSDC.":[87],"The":[88,109],"statistical":[89],"fluctuations":[90],"associated":[91],"with":[92],"practical":[93],"finite":[94,134],"block-length":[95,135],"also":[99],"considered":[100],"tight":[103],"secrecy":[104],"capacity":[105],"bound":[106],"given.":[108],"simulation":[110],"results":[111],"show":[112],"that":[113],"proposed":[115],"capable":[118],"communicating":[120],"distance":[123],"on":[124,132],"order":[126],"100":[128],"km":[129],"by":[130],"relying":[131],"sending":[137],"10":[138],"<sup":[139],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[140],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">14</sup>":[141],"pulses.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}