{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392173781","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2024.3369696","title":"Energy-Efficient Beamforming Design for Integrated Sensing and Communications Systems","display_name":"Energy-Efficient Beamforming Design for Integrated Sensing and Communications Systems","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392173781","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2024.3369696"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2024.3369696","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2024.3369696","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033455410","display_name":"Jiaqi Zou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["CN","GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiaqi Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Laboratory for Mobile Network Security, the Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Distributed Computing and Service, Ministry of Education, and the School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","National Engineering Laboratory for Mobile Network Security, BUPT, Beijing, China","School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College London, London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Laboratory for Mobile Network Security, the Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Distributed Computing and Service, Ministry of Education, and the School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Laboratory for Mobile Network Security, BUPT, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050158111","display_name":"Songlin Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8700-3401"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Songlin Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Distributed Computing and Service, Ministry of Education, the National Engineering Laboratory for Mobile Network Security, and the School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","National Engineering Laboratory for Mobile Network Security, BUPT, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Distributed Computing and Service, Ministry of Education, the National Engineering Laboratory for Mobile Network Security, and the School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Laboratory for Mobile Network Security, BUPT, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030334551","display_name":"Christos Masouros","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8259-6615"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christos Masouros","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College London, London, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102974426","display_name":"Yuanhao Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6323-8559"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanhao Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020753840","display_name":"Ya\u2010Feng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9684-9150"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120485","display_name":"Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science","ror":"https://ror.org/02jkmyk67","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210120485"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767993","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Scientific and Engineering Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/02fp7dp35","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210120485","https://openalex.org/I4391767993"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ya-Feng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Scientific and Engineering Computing, Institute of Computational Mathematics and Scientific/Engineering Computing, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","Institute of Computational Mathematics and Scientific/ Engineering Computing, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, State Key Laboratory of Scientific and Engineering Computing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Scientific and Engineering Computing, Institute of Computational Mathematics and Scientific/Engineering Computing, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120485","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computational Mathematics and Scientific/ Engineering Computing, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, State Key Laboratory of Scientific and Engineering Computing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120485","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4391767993"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006080984","display_name":"Derrick Wing Kwan Ng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6400-712X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Derrick Wing Kwan Ng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033455410"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216","https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":81.8736,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":63,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99954506,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":"6","first_page":"3766","last_page":"3782"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7278622984886169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.5187828540802002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5186775922775269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-system","display_name":"Communications system","score":0.42972874641418457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.39816534519195557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.363071084022522}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7278622984886169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5187828540802002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5186775922775269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.42972874641418457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.39816534519195557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.363071084022522}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2024.3369696","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2024.3369696","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8399999737739563,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8515280332","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12371314","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8533620077","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12288201","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1516271827","https://openalex.org/W1542938076","https://openalex.org/W1568307856","https://openalex.org/W1931927966","https://openalex.org/W1967956032","https://openalex.org/W1973429910","https://openalex.org/W2017085666","https://openalex.org/W2018744547","https://openalex.org/W2052312065","https://openalex.org/W2060695112","https://openalex.org/W2085543388","https://openalex.org/W2085648864","https://openalex.org/W2105264426","https://openalex.org/W2113638573","https://openalex.org/W2171576754","https://openalex.org/W2296029084","https://openalex.org/W2299553154","https://openalex.org/W2328720307","https://openalex.org/W2520873811","https://openalex.org/W2588854657","https://openalex.org/W2591798736","https://openalex.org/W2788350651","https://openalex.org/W2894971761","https://openalex.org/W2952065976","https://openalex.org/W2963165838","https://openalex.org/W3196686502","https://openalex.org/W3211270128","https://openalex.org/W4205204500","https://openalex.org/W4220962655","https://openalex.org/W4221165631","https://openalex.org/W4225013399","https://openalex.org/W4229706427","https://openalex.org/W4281958709","https://openalex.org/W4288062261","https://openalex.org/W4293229790","https://openalex.org/W4312544968","https://openalex.org/W4312802906","https://openalex.org/W4315605915","https://openalex.org/W4315777536","https://openalex.org/W4317794926","https://openalex.org/W4318586185","https://openalex.org/W4361867455","https://openalex.org/W4377971517","https://openalex.org/W4385063025","https://openalex.org/W4392158498","https://openalex.org/W6681319197"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2963170046","https://openalex.org/W2376244802","https://openalex.org/W1971477554","https://openalex.org/W2158075901","https://openalex.org/W818226659","https://openalex.org/W2923631784","https://openalex.org/W2130785056","https://openalex.org/W2567141277","https://openalex.org/W2132841313","https://openalex.org/W3165738400"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,79,109,141,166],"investigate":[4],"the":[5,15,32,40,74,97,103,117,122,126,139,143,156,174,177,185,188,208,216,220,239,251],"design":[6],"of":[7,42,128,162,187,210,241],"energy-efficient":[8],"beamforming":[9],"for":[10,20,54,63,115,154],"an":[11,81,134,151],"ISAC":[12],"system,":[13],"where":[14,85,105,238],"transmitted":[16],"waveform":[17],"is":[18,107,228],"optimized":[19],"joint":[21],"multi-user":[22],"communication":[23,242],"and":[24,56,88,120,133,180,196,219,235,244],"target":[25,64,132],"estimation":[26],"simultaneously.":[27],"We":[28,66,183],"aim":[29],"to":[30,95,149,172,202],"maximize":[31],"system":[33],"energy":[34],"efficiency":[35],"(EE),":[36],"taking":[37],"into":[38],"account":[39],"constraints":[41],"a":[43,48,57,111,130,160,168,192,198,229],"maximum":[44,58],"transmit":[45],"power":[46],"budget,":[47],"minimum":[49],"required":[50],"signal-to-interference-plus-noise":[51],"ratio":[52],"(SINR)":[53],"communication,":[55],"tolerable":[59],"Cram\u00e9r-Rao":[60],"bound":[61],"(CRB)":[62],"estimation.":[65],"first":[67],"consider":[68],"communication-centric":[69,178,233],"EE":[70,119,179,234,245],"maximization.":[71],"To":[72,137],"handle":[73,138,203],"non-convex":[75],"fractional":[76],"objective":[77],"function,":[78],"propose":[80,110,197],"iterative":[82],"quadratic-transform-Dinkelbach":[83],"method,":[84],"Schur":[86],"complement":[87],"semi-definite":[89],"relaxation":[90],"(SDR)":[91],"techniques":[92],"are":[93],"leveraged":[94],"solve":[96],"subproblem":[98],"in":[99,125],"each":[100],"iteration.":[101],"For":[102],"scenarios":[104],"sensing":[106,129],"critical,":[108],"novel":[112],"performance":[113],"metric":[114,123],"characterizing":[116],"sensing-centric":[118,181,236],"optimize":[121],"adopted":[124],"scenario":[127],"point-like":[131],"extended":[135],"target.":[136],"nonconvexity,":[140],"employ":[142],"successive":[144],"convex":[145,163],"approximation":[146],"(SCA)":[147],"technique":[148],"develop":[150],"efficient":[152,200],"algorithm":[153,201],"approximating":[155],"nonconvex":[157],"problem":[158,195],"as":[159,191],"sequence":[161],"ones.":[164],"Furthermore,":[165],"adopt":[167],"Pareto":[169,189,223],"optimization":[170,194],"mechanism":[171],"articulate":[173],"tradeoff":[175,231],"between":[176,232],"EE.":[182],"formulate":[184],"search":[186],"boundary":[190,224],"constrained":[193],"computationally":[199],"it.":[204],"Numerical":[205],"results":[206],"validate":[207],"effectiveness":[209],"our":[211],"proposed":[212],"algorithms":[213],"compared":[214],"with":[215],"baseline":[217],"schemes":[218],"obtained":[221],"approximate":[222],"shows":[225],"that":[226],"there":[227],"non-trivial":[230],"EE,":[237],"number":[240],"users":[243],"requirements":[246],"have":[247],"serious":[248],"effects":[249],"on":[250],"achievable":[252],"tradeoff.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}