{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388505096","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2023.3331019","title":"Layered Chirp Spread Spectrum Modulations for LPWANs","display_name":"Layered Chirp Spread Spectrum Modulations for LPWANs","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388505096","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2023.3331019"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2023.3331019","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2023.3331019","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.18799","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012099654","display_name":"Ali Waqar Azim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2155-2798"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173207729","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Taxila","ror":"https://ror.org/03v00ka07","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173207729"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ali Waqar Azim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Telecommunication Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2155-2798","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Telecommunication Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173207729"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030039474","display_name":"Ahmad Bazzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7645-352X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120250893","display_name":"New York University Abu Dhabi","ror":"https://ror.org/00e5k0821","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120250893","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Bazzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Division, New York University (NYU) Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7645-352X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Division, New York University (NYU) Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120250893"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017332657","display_name":"Roberto Bomfin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3490-2136"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120250893","display_name":"New York University Abu Dhabi","ror":"https://ror.org/00e5k0821","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120250893","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roberto Bomfin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Division, New York University (NYU) Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3490-2136","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Division, New York University (NYU) Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120250893"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026573056","display_name":"Raed M. Shubair","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2586-9963"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120250893","display_name":"New York University Abu Dhabi","ror":"https://ror.org/00e5k0821","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120250893","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raed Shubair","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Division, New York University (NYU) Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2586-9963","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Division, New York University (NYU) Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120250893"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026039370","display_name":"Marwa Chafii","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0314-6585"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120250893","display_name":"New York University Abu Dhabi","ror":"https://ror.org/00e5k0821","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120250893","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marwa Chafii","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Division, New York University (NYU) Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","NYU WIRELESS, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0314-6585","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Division, New York University (NYU) Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120250893"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NYU WIRELESS, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012099654"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173207729"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2776,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80240154,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":"3","first_page":"1671","last_page":"1687"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chirp-spread-spectrum","display_name":"Chirp spread spectrum","score":0.7608535289764404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chirp","display_name":"Chirp","score":0.7448235154151917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplexing","display_name":"Multiplexing","score":0.6389524936676025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5836729407310486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.5532886981964111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.5211310982704163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-efficiency","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","score":0.5054385662078857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.4354532063007355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.42950835824012756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.42451146245002747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.377856969833374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spread-spectrum","display_name":"Spread spectrum","score":0.3720158338546753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.3429718017578125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.21687504649162292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.19105663895606995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.19095435738563538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18264910578727722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.1640377640724182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direct-sequence-spread-spectrum","display_name":"Direct-sequence spread spectrum","score":0.16120710968971252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.15900635719299316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1225557029247284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.09052333235740662}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105152959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074780","display_name":"Chirp spread spectrum","level":5,"score":0.7608535289764404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132794960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27304","display_name":"Chirp","level":3,"score":0.7448235154151917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19275194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222903","display_name":"Multiplexing","level":2,"score":0.6389524936676025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5836729407310486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5532886981964111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.5211310982704163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137246740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583970","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","level":3,"score":0.5054385662078857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.4354532063007355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.42950835824012756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.42451146245002747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.377856969833374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105344744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q958957","display_name":"Spread spectrum","level":3,"score":0.3720158338546753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.3429718017578125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.21687504649162292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.19105663895606995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.19095435738563538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18264910578727722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.1640377640724182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194491627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334354","display_name":"Direct-sequence spread spectrum","level":4,"score":0.16120710968971252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.15900635719299316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1225557029247284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.09052333235740662}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2023.3331019","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2023.3331019","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2405.18799","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2405.18799","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.18799","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2405.18799","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2405.18799","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.18799","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8999999761581421}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388505096.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388505096.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1531863416","https://openalex.org/W2766513146","https://openalex.org/W2809209059","https://openalex.org/W2908628946","https://openalex.org/W2951615004","https://openalex.org/W2955523393","https://openalex.org/W2997119162","https://openalex.org/W3038066973","https://openalex.org/W3130136609","https://openalex.org/W3131090629","https://openalex.org/W3160374416","https://openalex.org/W3166187352","https://openalex.org/W3201547843","https://openalex.org/W4206397429","https://openalex.org/W4206481254","https://openalex.org/W4210475892","https://openalex.org/W4210839730","https://openalex.org/W4285276634","https://openalex.org/W4292947517","https://openalex.org/W4384162274","https://openalex.org/W6785786939"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2317297318","https://openalex.org/W2155641694","https://openalex.org/W2972564959","https://openalex.org/W2053751710","https://openalex.org/W2065883652","https://openalex.org/W2537897891","https://openalex.org/W4391741986","https://openalex.org/W2967627568","https://openalex.org/W2997199161","https://openalex.org/W2117096382"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"examines":[2],"two":[3],"chirp":[4,44],"spread":[5],"spectrum":[6],"techniques":[7,79,126],"specifically":[8],"devised":[9],"for":[10,39,111],"low-power":[11],"wide-area":[12],"networks":[13],"(LPWANs)":[14],"to":[15,25,56,69,90],"optimize":[16],"energy":[17],"and":[18,30,83,86,106,120,144],"spectral":[19,93],"efficiency":[20],"(SE).":[21],"These":[22,46,77],"methods":[23],"referred":[24],"as":[26,139,141],"layered":[27,31],"CSS":[28,33,109],"(LCSS)":[29],"dual-mode":[32],"(LDMCSS),":[34],"involves":[35],"utilizing":[36],"multiple":[37],"layers":[38,66],"multiplexing":[40],"symbols":[41],"with":[42,142],"varying":[43],"rates.":[45],"waveform":[47],"designs":[48],"exemplify":[49],"a":[50,62],"high":[51],"degree":[52],"of":[53,65,99,118,124,131],"SE":[54],"compared":[55],"existing":[57],"schemes.":[58],"Additionally,":[59],"LDMCSS":[60],"necessitates":[61],"lesser":[63],"number":[64,98],"than":[67],"LCSS":[68,105],"attain":[70],"comparable":[71],"SE,":[72],"thereby":[73],"reducing":[74],"computational":[75],"complexity.":[76],"proposed":[78,104],"can":[80,87],"employ":[81],"coherent":[82],"non-coherent":[84],"detection":[85],"be":[88],"adjusted":[89],"achieve":[91],"various":[92],"efficiencies":[94],"by":[95],"altering":[96],"the":[97,115],"multiplexed":[100],"layers.":[101],"Unlike":[102],"our":[103],"LDMCSS,":[107],"other":[108],"alternatives":[110],"LPWANs":[112],"cannot":[113],"provide":[114],"same":[116],"level":[117],"flexibility":[119],"SE.":[121],"The":[122],"performance":[123],"these":[125],"is":[127],"evaluated":[128],"in":[129],"terms":[130],"bit":[132],"error":[133],"rate":[134],"under":[135],"different":[136],"channel":[137],"conditions,":[138],"well":[140],"phase":[143],"frequency":[145],"offsets.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}