{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4318828558","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2023.3241328","title":"Hardware-Impaired RIS-Assisted mmWave Hybrid Systems: Beamforming Design and Performance Analysis","display_name":"Hardware-Impaired RIS-Assisted mmWave Hybrid Systems: Beamforming Design and Performance Analysis","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4318828558","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2023.3241328"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2023.3241328","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2023.3241328","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029000014","display_name":"Shiqi Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3966-8000"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiqi Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3966-8000","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008383657","display_name":"Chengwen Xing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4941-3503"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengwen Xing","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4941-3503","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029019328","display_name":"Heng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1096-4204"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1096-4204","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034073130","display_name":"Xin Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9088-3673"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9088-3673","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100379884","display_name":"Jintao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5245-5379"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6469544","display_name":"City University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/04gpd4q15","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6469544"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jintao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6469544","https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044674658","display_name":"Jianping An","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6441-9711"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianping An","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6441-9711","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030858163","display_name":"Tony Q. S. Quek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4037-3149"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tony Q. S. Quek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Systems Technology and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Tampines, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4037-3149","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Systems Technology and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Tampines, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4842,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93177421,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":"4","first_page":"2317","last_page":"2334"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7798997759819031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transceiver","display_name":"Transceiver","score":0.7468404769897461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6589059233665466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.5698238611221313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5241894125938416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.4630821645259857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-system","display_name":"Communications system","score":0.4363935589790344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna-array","display_name":"Antenna array","score":0.4129425585269928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.40024837851524353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.33612334728240967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3350180685520172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.21880251169204712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18765342235565186}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7798997759819031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7720470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954187","display_name":"Transceiver","level":3,"score":0.7468404769897461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6589059233665466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5698238611221313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5241894125938416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.4630821645259857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.4363935589790344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62191587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4771249","display_name":"Antenna array","level":3,"score":0.4129425585269928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.40024837851524353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.33612334728240967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3350180685520172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.21880251169204712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18765342235565186}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2023.3241328","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2023.3241328","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5400000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1572506951","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62231004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8059625138","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62101614","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpyc314"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1540764732","https://openalex.org/W1999833500","https://openalex.org/W2017190463","https://openalex.org/W2023535408","https://openalex.org/W2049285480","https://openalex.org/W2053521124","https://openalex.org/W2112300062","https://openalex.org/W2128513990","https://openalex.org/W2168735742","https://openalex.org/W2339667469","https://openalex.org/W2605355993","https://openalex.org/W2787449634","https://openalex.org/W2788350651","https://openalex.org/W2888383296","https://openalex.org/W2962785465","https://openalex.org/W2985466239","https://openalex.org/W2990747873","https://openalex.org/W2995554704","https://openalex.org/W3011952645","https://openalex.org/W3021024154","https://openalex.org/W3032095193","https://openalex.org/W3035386068","https://openalex.org/W3091842477","https://openalex.org/W3094164592","https://openalex.org/W3097485127","https://openalex.org/W3103403858","https://openalex.org/W3111805200","https://openalex.org/W3114508073","https://openalex.org/W3144244478","https://openalex.org/W3144465352","https://openalex.org/W3166998838","https://openalex.org/W3179488190","https://openalex.org/W3183168981","https://openalex.org/W3198695922","https://openalex.org/W3199166544","https://openalex.org/W3206067242","https://openalex.org/W4205439215","https://openalex.org/W4244832091","https://openalex.org/W4285228049","https://openalex.org/W4292058084","https://openalex.org/W6789661729"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2783437851","https://openalex.org/W4249165909","https://openalex.org/W1672137312","https://openalex.org/W1650483958","https://openalex.org/W2320869333","https://openalex.org/W1924731896","https://openalex.org/W2744385696","https://openalex.org/W2134293600","https://openalex.org/W2363346776","https://openalex.org/W4380894509"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reconfigurable":[0],"intelligent":[1],"surface":[2],"(RIS)":[3],"has":[4],"been":[5],"envisioned":[6],"as":[7],"an":[8,35],"innovative":[9],"technology":[10],"to":[11,18,43,64,114,136,182,222],"assist":[12],"millimeter":[13],"wave":[14],"(mmWave)":[15],"communications.":[16],"Thanks":[17],"both":[19,162],"advantages":[20],"of":[21,38,46,74,150,196,241],"low":[22,26],"hardware":[23,47,56],"cost":[24],"and":[25,69,89,107,143,160,167,206,237],"power":[27],"consumption,":[28],"the":[29,49,66,71,75,86,94,103,116,129,148,154,163,173,183,194,198,203,211,224,228,242],"hybrid":[30,87],"transceiver":[31,88],"structure":[32],"also":[33,220],"becomes":[34],"integral":[36],"component":[37],"mmWave":[39,51,79],"systems.":[40],"However,":[41],"due":[42],"practical":[44],"limitations":[45],"components,":[48],"RIS-assisted":[50,77],"communications":[52],"usually":[53],"suffer":[54],"unavoidable":[55],"impairments":[57],"(HWIs).":[58],"In":[59],"this":[60],"paper,":[61],"we":[62,146],"aim":[63,195],"minimize":[65],"(sum)":[67],"MSE":[68,164],"maximize":[70],"average":[72,168],"rate":[73,169],"hardware-impaired":[76],"point-to-point":[78],"MIMO":[80],"system,":[81],"respectively,":[82],"by":[83],"jointly":[84],"optimizing":[85],"RIS":[90],"reflection":[91],"coefficients":[92],"under":[93,153],"realistic":[95],"discrete":[96,131],"phase":[97,205,213],"shift":[98],"constraints.":[99],"We":[100],"firstly":[101],"consider":[102],"single-antenna":[104],"user":[105,186],"case":[106],"propose":[108],"efficient":[109],"alternating":[110],"optimization":[111],"(AO)":[112],"algorithms":[113,152,244],"solve":[115],"two":[117],"intractable":[118],"problems.":[119],"A":[120],"binary-oriented":[121],"exact":[122],"penalty":[123],"(BEP)":[124],"method":[125],"is":[126,134,214,219],"developed":[127],"for":[128],"involved":[130],"optimization,":[132],"which":[133],"able":[135],"strike":[137],"a":[138,189],"good":[139],"trade-off":[140],"between":[141],"performance":[142,209,226,240],"complexity.":[144],"Moreover,":[145],"analyze":[147],"optimality":[149],"AO":[151],"cascaded":[155],"line-of-sight":[156],"(LoS)":[157],"channel":[158,201],"condition,":[159],"reveal":[161],"floor":[165],"effect":[166,171],"saturation":[170],"in":[172,202,210,227],"high-SNR":[174],"regime.":[175],"The":[176],"above":[177],"studies":[178],"are":[179],"then":[180],"extended":[181],"general":[184],"multi-antenna":[185],"case,":[187],"where":[188],"low-complexity":[190],"two-phase":[191,217],"scheme":[192,218],"with":[193],"creating":[197],"favorable":[199],"RIS-cascaded":[200],"first":[204],"enhancing":[207],"system":[208],"second":[212],"proposed.":[215],"This":[216],"demonstrated":[221],"attain":[223],"optimal":[225],"LoS":[229],"scenario.":[230],"Numerical":[231],"results":[232],"validate":[233],"our":[234],"theoretical":[235],"analysis":[236],"illustrate":[238],"superior":[239],"proposed":[243],"over":[245],"various":[246],"benchmark":[247],"schemes.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
