{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4294811270","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2022.3204846","title":"Delay-Aware and Energy-Efficient Carrier Aggregation in 5G Using Double Deep Q-Networks","display_name":"Delay-Aware and Energy-Efficient Carrier Aggregation in 5G Using Double Deep Q-Networks","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4294811270","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2022.3204846"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2022.3204846","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2022.3204846","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017937596","display_name":"Fahime Khoramnejad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1996-1317"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fahime Khoramnejad","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038550884","display_name":"Roghayeh Joda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1273-8067"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094041","display_name":"Ericsson (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/00nas2c56","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306339040","https://openalex.org/I4210094041"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roghayeh Joda","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada","Ericsson Canada, Ottawa, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ericsson Canada, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074645771","display_name":"Akram Bin Sediq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1260-2853"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094041","display_name":"Ericsson (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/00nas2c56","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306339040","https://openalex.org/I4210094041"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akram Bin Sediq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ericsson Canada, Ottawa, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ericsson Canada, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027792197","display_name":"Hatem Abou-Zeid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4720-5794"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094041","display_name":"Ericsson (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/00nas2c56","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306339040","https://openalex.org/I4210094041"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hatem Abou-Zeid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ericsson Canada, Ottawa, Canada","Department of Electrical and Software Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ericsson Canada, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Software Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057362333","display_name":"Ramy Atawia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094041","display_name":"Ericsson (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/00nas2c56","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306339040","https://openalex.org/I4210094041"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramy Atawia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ericsson Canada, Ottawa, Canada","Dell Technologies, Ottawa, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ericsson Canada, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dell Technologies, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037720618","display_name":"Gary Boudreau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3539-9624"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094041","display_name":"Ericsson (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/00nas2c56","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306339040","https://openalex.org/I4210094041"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gary Boudreau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ericsson Canada, Ottawa, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ericsson Canada, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089891162","display_name":"Melike Erol\u2010Kantarci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6787-8457"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Melike Erol-Kantarci","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017937596"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2091,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87892848,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":"10","first_page":"6615","last_page":"6629"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7644742727279663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.6688686609268188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.6331843137741089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.6247153282165527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-equipment","display_name":"User equipment","score":0.5477896332740784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.43187594413757324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.39806681871414185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.38201671838760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3501075506210327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3239642381668091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.18511813879013062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1288146674633026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.0790550708770752}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7644742727279663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6688686609268188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.6331843137741089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.6247153282165527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781327853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3552547","display_name":"User equipment","level":3,"score":0.5477896332740784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.43187594413757324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.39806681871414185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.38201671838760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3501075506210327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3239642381668091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.18511813879013062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1288146674633026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0790550708770752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2022.3204846","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2022.3204846","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9100000262260437,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32403112","https://openalex.org/W1480317510","https://openalex.org/W1561796857","https://openalex.org/W1990815933","https://openalex.org/W2000455568","https://openalex.org/W2018759226","https://openalex.org/W2031995947","https://openalex.org/W2034427770","https://openalex.org/W2041818766","https://openalex.org/W2058303359","https://openalex.org/W2096770243","https://openalex.org/W2108077180","https://openalex.org/W2124575979","https://openalex.org/W2146756703","https://openalex.org/W2151300511","https://openalex.org/W2154319347","https://openalex.org/W2154648442","https://openalex.org/W2156577211","https://openalex.org/W2342831316","https://openalex.org/W2746553466","https://openalex.org/W2749933313","https://openalex.org/W2804169210","https://openalex.org/W2804647677","https://openalex.org/W2945086780","https://openalex.org/W2954615037","https://openalex.org/W2961380111","https://openalex.org/W2962968878","https://openalex.org/W2963325655","https://openalex.org/W2964295314","https://openalex.org/W2968782695","https://openalex.org/W2969525674","https://openalex.org/W2986405793","https://openalex.org/W2999146029","https://openalex.org/W3005116230","https://openalex.org/W3005553526","https://openalex.org/W3024182249","https://openalex.org/W3024226037","https://openalex.org/W3034601960","https://openalex.org/W3039982184","https://openalex.org/W3085105946","https://openalex.org/W3098133185","https://openalex.org/W3130781674","https://openalex.org/W3139933459","https://openalex.org/W3154299774","https://openalex.org/W3156032009","https://openalex.org/W3156894764","https://openalex.org/W3159437800","https://openalex.org/W3166026547","https://openalex.org/W3166109933","https://openalex.org/W3167341494","https://openalex.org/W3181517194","https://openalex.org/W3192352544","https://openalex.org/W4205311327","https://openalex.org/W4210259150","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W6734678876"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975289146","https://openalex.org/W2105887828","https://openalex.org/W2122599759","https://openalex.org/W4236520801","https://openalex.org/W2323516465","https://openalex.org/W4238615239","https://openalex.org/W3128256986","https://openalex.org/W2063960996","https://openalex.org/W4386582991","https://openalex.org/W1993210935"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"one":[1],"of":[2,36,40,166,174,178],"the":[3,58,86,105,115,135,141,161,172,184,192,202],"key":[4],"technologies":[5],"in":[6,14,79,164],"5G":[7],"networks,":[8],"Carrier":[9],"Aggregation":[10],"(CA)":[11],"is":[12],"studied":[13],"this":[15],"paper.":[16],"In":[17],"CA,":[18],"Component":[19],"Carriers":[20],"(CCs)":[21],"can":[22,69],"be":[23,70],"activated":[24,71],"and":[25,34,56,72,121,148,170],"deactivated":[26,73],"depending":[27],"on":[28,104],"multiple":[29],"factors,":[30],"e.g.,":[31],"energy":[32],"consumption":[33,64,169,195],"Quality":[35],"Service":[37],"(QoS)":[38],"demand":[39],"users.":[41],"We":[42,83,138],"propose":[43,122],"CC":[44,93,130,146],"management":[45,94,131],"strategies":[46],"where":[47],"each":[48],"User":[49],"Equipment":[50],"(UE)":[51],"minimizes":[52,61],"its":[53,62],"average":[54],"delay":[55,181],"at":[57,75],"same":[59],"time":[60],"power":[63,168,194],"while":[65],"considering":[66],"that":[67,156],"CCs":[68],"only":[74],"certain":[76],"times,":[77],"as":[78,88,117],"real-world":[80],"CA":[81],"implementations.":[82],"first":[84],"model":[85],"problem":[87,116],"a":[89,101,110,118,123,176],"centralized":[90,97],"multi-objective":[91],"optimum":[92],"problem.":[95],"Since":[96],"approaches":[98,143],"would":[99],"impose":[100],"large":[102],"overhead":[103],"system,":[106],"we":[107],"then":[108],"develop":[109],"semi-distributed":[111],"solution":[112],"by":[113,196],"modeling":[114],"stochastic":[119,136],"game":[120],"multi-agent":[124],"Double":[125],"Deep":[126],"Q-Network":[127],"(DDQN)":[128],"based":[129],"algorithm":[132,163,190],"to":[133,183,201],"solve":[134],"game.":[137],"finally":[139],"compare":[140],"proposed":[142,158],"with":[144,180,199],"single":[145],"activation":[147,150],"all-CC":[149,162,185,203],"baseline":[151],"schemes.":[152],"Simulation":[153],"results":[154],"show":[155],"our":[157,188],"algorithms":[159],"outperform":[160],"terms":[165],"UE":[167,193],"have":[171],"capability":[173],"transmitting":[175],"number":[177],"bits":[179],"close":[182],"scheme.":[186,204],"Meanwhile,":[187],"DDQN-based":[189],"decreases":[191],"about":[197],"20%":[198],"respect":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}