{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3037339607","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2022.3168878","title":"Neural Networks Based Beam Codebooks: Learning mmWave Massive MIMO Beams That Adapt to Deployment and Hardware","display_name":"Neural Networks Based Beam Codebooks: Learning mmWave Massive MIMO Beams That Adapt to Deployment and Hardware","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3037339607","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2022.3168878","mag":"3037339607"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2022.3168878","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2022.3168878","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036355947","display_name":"Muhammad Alrabeiah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7586-2631"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Alrabeiah","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7586-2631","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009761172","display_name":"Yu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6851-5594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6851-5594","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003243464","display_name":"Ahmed Alkhateeb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5648-1569"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Alkhateeb","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5648-1569","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.9702,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":52,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94347386,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":"6","first_page":"3818","last_page":"3833"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/codebook","display_name":"Codebook","score":0.921124279499054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.853343665599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7094883322715759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.6373358964920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5956407189369202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.5742096304893494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.560257077217102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5492300391197205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.48178502917289734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-state-information","display_name":"Channel state information","score":0.41731810569763184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.41423895955085754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.36915916204452515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3127288222312927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.27940571308135986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13823270797729492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11349454522132874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127759330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637416","display_name":"Codebook","level":2,"score":0.921124279499054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.853343665599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7094883322715759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.6373358964920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5956407189369202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.5742096304893494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.560257077217102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5492300391197205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.48178502917289734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.41731810569763184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.41423895955085754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.36915916204452515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3127288222312927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.27940571308135986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13823270797729492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11349454522132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2022.3168878","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2022.3168878","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8585104732","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1923676","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W2034651337","https://openalex.org/W2054692642","https://openalex.org/W2074120933","https://openalex.org/W2075148031","https://openalex.org/W2098174516","https://openalex.org/W2104074482","https://openalex.org/W2108202224","https://openalex.org/W2111953900","https://openalex.org/W2113271807","https://openalex.org/W2113703908","https://openalex.org/W2119144962","https://openalex.org/W2120263210","https://openalex.org/W2120898255","https://openalex.org/W2122492335","https://openalex.org/W2161515500","https://openalex.org/W2166486216","https://openalex.org/W2167005403","https://openalex.org/W2167319728","https://openalex.org/W2189661557","https://openalex.org/W2557283755","https://openalex.org/W2560017826","https://openalex.org/W2618946976","https://openalex.org/W2737688805","https://openalex.org/W2766305950","https://openalex.org/W2769920340","https://openalex.org/W2796047239","https://openalex.org/W2914484425","https://openalex.org/W2914949576","https://openalex.org/W2955485202","https://openalex.org/W2958261239","https://openalex.org/W2963408914","https://openalex.org/W2964299589","https://openalex.org/W3013594094","https://openalex.org/W3013689226","https://openalex.org/W3016754131","https://openalex.org/W3017297985","https://openalex.org/W3046928693","https://openalex.org/W3105281589","https://openalex.org/W3134059753","https://openalex.org/W4236252810","https://openalex.org/W4240239007","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W4255949318","https://openalex.org/W4288365549","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6677580257","https://openalex.org/W6730047919","https://openalex.org/W6738884980","https://openalex.org/W6759127422","https://openalex.org/W6762113363"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3207918248","https://openalex.org/W2130785056","https://openalex.org/W2506626932","https://openalex.org/W2037755532","https://openalex.org/W2620095399","https://openalex.org/W1488668773","https://openalex.org/W2006021297","https://openalex.org/W4288602396","https://openalex.org/W2914555611","https://openalex.org/W4285192270"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Millimeter":[0],"wave":[1],"(mmWave)":[2],"and":[3,12,25,66,102,147,184,194],"massive":[4],"MIMO":[5],"systems":[6,15],"are":[7],"intrinsic":[8],"components":[9],"of":[10,34,38,128,177],"5G":[11],"beyond.":[13],"These":[14],"rely":[16],"on":[17],"using":[18],"beamforming":[19,126],"codebooks":[20,53],"for":[21,58,134,153],"both":[22],"initial":[23],"access":[24],"data":[26],"transmission.":[27],"Current":[28],"beam":[29,92,187],"codebooks,":[30,188],"however,":[31],"generally":[32],"consist":[33],"a":[35,110],"large":[36,48],"number":[37],"narrow":[39],"beams":[40,144],"that":[41,85],"scan":[42],"all":[43],"possible":[44,62,199],"directions,":[45],"leading":[46],"to":[47,88,94,170],"training":[49,149,192],"overhead.":[50],"Further,":[51],"these":[52,74],"do":[54],"not":[55],"normally":[56],"account":[57],"hardware":[59,103,137,185,200],"impairments":[60],"or":[61,168],"non-uniform":[63],"array":[64],"geometries,":[65],"their":[67],"calibration":[68],"process":[69],"is":[70,106,166],"expensive.":[71],"To":[72],"overcome":[73],"limitations,":[75],"this":[76],"paper":[77],"develops":[78],"an":[79],"efficient":[80],"online":[81,146],"machine":[82],"learning":[83,182],"framework":[84],"learns":[86,141],"how":[87],"adapt":[89],"the":[90,95,120,125,129,135,142,151,160,164,175,178,191,196],"codebook":[91,143],"patterns":[93],"specific":[96],"deployment,":[97],"surrounding":[98],"environment,":[99],"user":[100],"distribution,":[101],"characteristics.":[104],"This":[105,139,158],"done":[107],"by":[108],"designing":[109],"novel":[111],"<italic":[112],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[113],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">complex-valued":[114],"neural":[115],"network</i>":[116],"architecture":[117],"in":[118,181],"which":[119,189],"neuron":[121],"weights":[122,127],"directly":[123],"model":[124,140],"analog":[130],"phase":[131],"shifters,":[132],"accounting":[133],"key":[136],"constraints.":[138],"through":[145],"self-supervised":[148],"avoiding":[150],"need":[152],"explicit":[154],"channel":[155,165],"state":[156],"information.":[157],"respects":[159],"practical":[161],"situations":[162],"where":[163],"imperfect":[167],"hard":[169],"obtain.":[171],"Simulation":[172],"results":[173],"highlight":[174],"capability":[176],"proposed":[179],"solution":[180],"environment":[183],"aware":[186],"reduce":[190],"overhead":[193],"improve":[195],"robustness":[197],"against":[198],"impairments.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
