{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4220959575","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2022.3162365","title":"Rate-Adaptive Concatenated Multi-Level Coding With Novel Probabilistic Amplitude Shaping","display_name":"Rate-Adaptive Concatenated Multi-Level Coding With Novel Probabilistic Amplitude Shaping","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4220959575","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2022.3162365"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2022.3162365","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2022.3162365","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/7cfa617c-f682-4feb-9762-647bc18c59b9","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079777563","display_name":"Toshiki Matsumine","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9583-8129"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180203408","display_name":"Yokohama National University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zyp6p76","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180203408"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK","JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Toshiki Matsumine","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark","Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180203408"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091317407","display_name":"Metodi P. Yankov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0682-7001"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Metodi Plamenov Yankov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000938102","display_name":"Tayyab Mehmood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9303-0484"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tayyab Mehmood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zeuxion ApS, V&#x00E6;rl&#x00F8;se, Denmark"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zeuxion ApS, V&#x00E6;rl&#x00F8;se, Denmark","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019279820","display_name":"S\u00f8ren Forchhammer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6698-8870"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soren Forchhammer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079777563"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180203408","https://openalex.org/I96673099"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2006,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77334496,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":"5","first_page":"2977","last_page":"2991"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11321","display_name":"Error Correcting Code Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12162","display_name":"Cellular Automata and Applications","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6018458604812622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.5456600189208984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concatenated-error-correction-code","display_name":"Concatenated error correction code","score":0.5378384590148926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.5348189473152161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.47391757369041443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turbo-code","display_name":"Turbo code","score":0.4421302378177643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-coding","display_name":"Adaptive coding","score":0.43942055106163025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplitude","display_name":"Amplitude","score":0.4308324158191681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.41549697518348694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.40691307187080383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3305693566799164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2881184220314026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block-code","display_name":"Block code","score":0.25786927342414856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2101489007472992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.1967622935771942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-compression","display_name":"Data compression","score":0.18895265460014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.17057666182518005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.11818200349807739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.10453179478645325}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6018458604812622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.5456600189208984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78944582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5158264","display_name":"Concatenated error correction code","level":4,"score":0.5378384590148926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.5348189473152161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.47391757369041443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114504821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2164281","display_name":"Turbo code","level":3,"score":0.4421302378177643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57890076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4680725","display_name":"Adaptive coding","level":4,"score":0.43942055106163025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.4308324158191681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.41549697518348694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.40691307187080383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3305693566799164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2881184220314026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157125643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q884707","display_name":"Block code","level":3,"score":0.25786927342414856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2101489007472992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1967622935771942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78548338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2493","display_name":"Data compression","level":2,"score":0.18895265460014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.17057666182518005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11818200349807739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.10453179478645325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81081738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55542","display_name":"Lossless compression","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2022.3162365","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2022.3162365","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/7cfa617c-f682-4feb-9762-647bc18c59b9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/7cfa617c-f682-4feb-9762-647bc18c59b9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400705","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark, DTU Orbit (Technical University of Denmark, DTU)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","host_organization_name":"Technical University of Denmark","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Matsumine , T , Yankov , M P , Mehmood , T &amp; Forchhammer , S 2022 , ' Rate-Adaptive Concatenated Multi-Level Coding With Novel Probabilistic Amplitude Shaping ' , IEEE Transactions on Communications , vol. 70 , no. 5 , 9741724 , pp. 2977-2991 . https://doi.org/10.1109/TCOMM.2022.3162365","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/7cfa617c-f682-4feb-9762-647bc18c59b9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/7cfa617c-f682-4feb-9762-647bc18c59b9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400705","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark, DTU Orbit (Technical University of Denmark, DTU)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","host_organization_name":"Technical University of Denmark","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Matsumine , T , Yankov , M P , Mehmood , T &amp; Forchhammer , S 2022 , ' Rate-Adaptive Concatenated Multi-Level Coding With Novel Probabilistic Amplitude Shaping ' , IEEE Transactions on Communications , vol. 70 , no. 5 , 9741724 , pp. 2977-2991 . https://doi.org/10.1109/TCOMM.2022.3162365","raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5400000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8567136059","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"8057-00059B","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313796","funder_display_name":"Innovationsfonden"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313796","display_name":"Innovationsfonden","ror":"https://ror.org/00daj4111"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W627952176","https://openalex.org/W1494168133","https://openalex.org/W1749807555","https://openalex.org/W1968013032","https://openalex.org/W1969630647","https://openalex.org/W1989008275","https://openalex.org/W1992360673","https://openalex.org/W2022271272","https://openalex.org/W2032886564","https://openalex.org/W2033828908","https://openalex.org/W2074196758","https://openalex.org/W2081413282","https://openalex.org/W2098470405","https://openalex.org/W2105720880","https://openalex.org/W2106045225","https://openalex.org/W2115001548","https://openalex.org/W2122989348","https://openalex.org/W2130768170","https://openalex.org/W2143781601","https://openalex.org/W2143976087","https://openalex.org/W2150498905","https://openalex.org/W2157697070","https://openalex.org/W2164368671","https://openalex.org/W2175739537","https://openalex.org/W2273218125","https://openalex.org/W2296257523","https://openalex.org/W2428252953","https://openalex.org/W2547286365","https://openalex.org/W2610165876","https://openalex.org/W2733856372","https://openalex.org/W2771742382","https://openalex.org/W2774364625","https://openalex.org/W2793068283","https://openalex.org/W2885589241","https://openalex.org/W2891534397","https://openalex.org/W2910566679","https://openalex.org/W2910758021","https://openalex.org/W2913310757","https://openalex.org/W2913859666","https://openalex.org/W2919248074","https://openalex.org/W2936485326","https://openalex.org/W2962825614","https://openalex.org/W2964348228","https://openalex.org/W2970686276","https://openalex.org/W2984693532","https://openalex.org/W2985274642","https://openalex.org/W3009066132","https://openalex.org/W3009080122","https://openalex.org/W3014218444","https://openalex.org/W3027781920","https://openalex.org/W3099662564","https://openalex.org/W3099930110","https://openalex.org/W3101586883","https://openalex.org/W3104721349","https://openalex.org/W3104912281","https://openalex.org/W3105881553","https://openalex.org/W3131805693","https://openalex.org/W4205855417","https://openalex.org/W6658657388","https://openalex.org/W6723271020","https://openalex.org/W6774161997","https://openalex.org/W6774403329"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2139745099","https://openalex.org/W2127950068","https://openalex.org/W2015101254","https://openalex.org/W1989608637","https://openalex.org/W1782566311","https://openalex.org/W2114468163","https://openalex.org/W2132566027","https://openalex.org/W1968988046","https://openalex.org/W2373473769","https://openalex.org/W4439381"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,39],"paper":[1],"proposes":[2],"a":[3,22,50,98,123,128],"new":[4,129],"probabilistic":[5],"amplitude":[6,151,180],"shaping":[7,163],"(PAS)":[8],"approach":[9],"for":[10,52,132,158,217],"concatenated":[11,23,34,40],"two-level":[12,37,41,112,139,167,197],"multi-level":[13],"coding":[14,161],"(MLC).":[15],"The":[16],"proposed":[17,196],"system":[18],"is":[19,183],"based":[20],"on":[21,86],"forward":[24],"error":[25],"correction":[26],"(FEC)":[27],"scheme":[28,43,125],"where":[29],"outer":[30,219],"codes":[31],"are":[32],"serially":[33],"with":[35,107,138,153,189,199],"inner":[36,192,210,221],"MLC.":[38],"MLC":[42,140,168,198],"has":[44,66],"recently":[45,67],"been":[46,68],"shown":[47],"to":[48,70,103,146,227],"have":[49],"potential":[51],"achieving":[53],"better":[54],"performance-complexity":[55],"trade-offs":[56],"than":[57],"the":[58,81,89,92,154,173,195,206,233],"conventional":[59,174,234],"bit-interleaved":[60],"coded":[61,104],"modulation":[62,105],"(BICM).":[63],"Meanwhile,":[64],"PAS":[65,87,130,137,175,200,235],"demonstrated":[69,184],"offer":[71],"remarkable":[72],"performance":[73,230],"gains":[74,164],"as":[75,77,97,111],"well":[76],"rate":[78],"adaptivity.":[79],"However,":[80],"majority":[82],"of":[83,91,136,208],"existing":[84],"works":[85],"assume":[88],"use":[90],"binary":[93],"reflected":[94],"Gray":[95],"code":[96,223],"bit-labeling,":[99],"and":[100,126,162,169,191,212,220,225],"its":[101],"application":[102],"schemes":[106],"other":[108],"bit-labelings,":[109],"such":[110],"MLC,":[113],"may":[114],"not":[115],"be":[116],"straightforward.":[117],"In":[118],"this":[119],"paper,":[120],"we":[121,144],"devise":[122],"bit-labeling":[124],"propose":[127,145],"structure":[131],"an":[133],"efficient":[134],"integration":[135],"systems.":[141],"More":[142],"specifically,":[143],"generate":[147],"<italic":[148,177],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[149,178],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">signed</i>":[150],"symbols":[152],"distribution":[155],"matcher":[156],"(DM)":[157],"maximizing":[159],"both":[160],"achieved":[165],"by":[166,185],"PAS,":[170],"respectively,":[171],"while":[172],"generates":[176],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">unsigned</i>":[179],"symbols.":[181],"It":[182],"simulation":[186],"results":[187],"that,":[188],"256QAM":[190],"polar":[193],"codes,":[194],"simultaneously":[201],"offers":[202],"75%":[203],"reduction":[204],"in":[205],"number":[207],"required":[209],"encoding":[211],"soft-decision":[213],"(SD)":[214],"decoding":[215],"operations":[216],"given":[218],"FEC":[222],"lengths,":[224],"up":[226],"0.3":[228],"dB":[229],"gain":[231],"over":[232],"scheme.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}