{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210613352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2022.3147791","title":"Covert Communication With Uninformed Backscatters in Hybrid Active/Passive Wireless Networks: Modeling and Performance Analysis","display_name":"Covert Communication With Uninformed Backscatters in Hybrid Active/Passive Wireless Networks: Modeling and Performance Analysis","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210613352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2022.3147791"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2022.3147791","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2022.3147791","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045730071","display_name":"Wenyuan Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5047-8964"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenyuan Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center of 6G Mobile Communications, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, and the School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5047-8964","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center of 6G Mobile Communications, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, and the School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066400336","display_name":"Zhiang Niu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4982-5252"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiang Niu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center of 6G Mobile Communications, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, and the School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center of 6G Mobile Communications, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, and the School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100391924","display_name":"Wei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2772-4856"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center of 6G Mobile Communications, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, and the School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center of 6G Mobile Communications, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, and the School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058346358","display_name":"Shiyue He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3222-1399"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiyue He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center of 6G Mobile Communications, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, and the School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3222-1399","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center of 6G Mobile Communications, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, and the School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100678341","display_name":"Tao Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8482-1046"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center of 6G Mobile Communications, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, and the School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8482-1046","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center of 6G Mobile Communications, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, and the School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4737,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89238967,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":"4","first_page":"2622","last_page":"2634"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9749000072479248,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.8137991428375244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.6224521398544312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4978470802307129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.4783165752887726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.47319623827934265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.454751193523407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.441182017326355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter-power-output","display_name":"Transmitter power output","score":0.4237365126609802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.4175027012825012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.36727073788642883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.35514259338378906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.33042627573013306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.2677919268608093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.2667965888977051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.21984365582466125}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.8137991428375244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.6224521398544312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4978470802307129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.4783165752887726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.47319623827934265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.454751193523407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.441182017326355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65422117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358527","display_name":"Transmitter power output","level":4,"score":0.4237365126609802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.4175027012825012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.36727073788642883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.35514259338378906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.33042627573013306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2677919268608093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.2667965888977051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.21984365582466125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2022.3147791","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2022.3147791","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W581334404","https://openalex.org/W1897081267","https://openalex.org/W1975147464","https://openalex.org/W2000226542","https://openalex.org/W2022381648","https://openalex.org/W2068499153","https://openalex.org/W2070432635","https://openalex.org/W2084796966","https://openalex.org/W2098346479","https://openalex.org/W2099461393","https://openalex.org/W2488623903","https://openalex.org/W2506174538","https://openalex.org/W2511419557","https://openalex.org/W2562742260","https://openalex.org/W2595612820","https://openalex.org/W2736078417","https://openalex.org/W2808367635","https://openalex.org/W2896420513","https://openalex.org/W2896886577","https://openalex.org/W2897986532","https://openalex.org/W2915414279","https://openalex.org/W2961910708","https://openalex.org/W2963271202","https://openalex.org/W2963381616","https://openalex.org/W2963930261","https://openalex.org/W2981096252","https://openalex.org/W2981443503","https://openalex.org/W2987093331","https://openalex.org/W3002159761","https://openalex.org/W3003572985","https://openalex.org/W3008277130","https://openalex.org/W3009494512","https://openalex.org/W3095631115","https://openalex.org/W3104101844","https://openalex.org/W3106493014","https://openalex.org/W3107775080","https://openalex.org/W3134569544","https://openalex.org/W3169503372","https://openalex.org/W3197174588","https://openalex.org/W4206136358","https://openalex.org/W4213251304"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4308096054","https://openalex.org/W3193940080","https://openalex.org/W2023998947","https://openalex.org/W4210267343","https://openalex.org/W2522255795","https://openalex.org/W4292665920","https://openalex.org/W2963701358","https://openalex.org/W2123999485","https://openalex.org/W2162087304","https://openalex.org/W4295884797"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,34],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,36,65,95],"propose":[4],"a":[5,67,86,154],"new":[6],"framework":[7],"for":[8,142],"covert":[9,50,75,92,101,117],"communication":[10,29,102,118],"in":[11,31,103,131],"hybrid":[12,133],"active/passive":[13],"networks,":[14],"which":[15,104,149],"explores":[16],"the":[17,21,39,43,49,54,60,74,90,97,108,120,132,143],"inherent":[18],"uncertainty":[19],"of":[20,89,100,122,146,152],"backscatter":[22,45],"transmissions":[23,46],"to":[24,58,72,78],"achieve":[25],"active":[26],"and":[27,47,53,62,81,84,158],"passive":[28],"reciprocity":[30],"security.":[32],"Under":[33],"framework,":[35],"first":[37],"model":[38],"aggregate":[40],"interference":[41,147],"from":[42],"sporadic":[44],"derive":[48,85],"outage":[51],"probability":[52,57],"transmission":[55],"success":[56],"capture":[59],"covertness":[61,80,157],"reliability.":[63,159],"Then,":[64],"formulate":[66],"transmit":[68],"power":[69],"optimization":[70],"problem":[71],"maximize":[73],"throughput":[76],"subject":[77],"certain":[79],"reliability":[82],"requirements":[83],"closed-form":[87],"approximation":[88],"maximum":[91],"throughput.":[93],"Particularly,":[94],"investigate":[96],"worst-case":[98],"scenario":[99],"warden":[105],"always":[106],"uses":[107],"optimal":[109,144],"detection":[110],"thresholds.":[111],"Finally,":[112],"numerical":[113],"results":[114],"demonstrate":[115],"that":[116,125],"with":[119,129],"help":[121],"uninformed":[123],"backscatters":[124],"are":[126],"not":[127],"coordinated":[128],"Alice":[130],"network":[134],"is":[135,150],"feasible.":[136],"Results":[137],"also":[138],"provide":[139],"design":[140],"guidelines":[141],"choice":[145],"parameters,":[148],"capable":[151],"striking":[153],"balance":[155],"between":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}