{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3171176080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2021.3088896","title":"Beam Drift in Millimeter Wave Links: Beamwidth Tradeoffs and Learning Based Optimization","display_name":"Beam Drift in Millimeter Wave Links: Beamwidth Tradeoffs and Learning Based Optimization","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3171176080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2021.3088896","mag":"3171176080"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2021.3088896","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2021.3088896","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10129924/1/TCOM-TPS-20-1110.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100358190","display_name":"Jianjun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4830-1959"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jianjun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College London, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4830-1959","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030334551","display_name":"Christos Masouros","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8259-6615"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christos Masouros","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College London, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8259-6615","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100358190"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1184,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7721302,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"10","first_page":"6661","last_page":"6674"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamwidth","display_name":"Beamwidth","score":0.8946390151977539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.6210573315620422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam","display_name":"Beam (structure)","score":0.6196553707122803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-high-frequency","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","score":0.6023567318916321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5978151559829712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.526954710483551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.5254444479942322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5084187388420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam-diameter","display_name":"Beam diameter","score":0.47786444425582886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.45533934235572815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter-power-output","display_name":"Transmitter power output","score":0.43859919905662537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.43175873160362244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.3686116635799408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.29889172315597534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.28937405347824097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2689586877822876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22377917170524597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-beams","display_name":"Laser beams","score":0.08338049054145813}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190060920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4876232","display_name":"Beamwidth","level":3,"score":0.8946390151977539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.6210573315620422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.6196553707122803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45764600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","level":2,"score":0.6023567318916321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5978151559829712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.526954710483551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.5254444479942322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5084187388420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119440689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4876179","display_name":"Beam diameter","level":4,"score":0.47786444425582886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.45533934235572815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65422117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358527","display_name":"Transmitter power output","level":4,"score":0.43859919905662537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.43175873160362244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.3686116635799408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.29889172315597534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.28937405347824097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2689586877822876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22377917170524597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984025587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser beams","level":3,"score":0.08338049054145813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2021.3088896","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2021.3088896","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:10129924","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10129924/","pdf_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10129924/1/TCOM-TPS-20-1110.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"   IEEE Transactions on Communications       (2021)      ","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:10129924","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10129924/","pdf_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10129924/1/TCOM-TPS-20-1110.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"   IEEE Transactions on Communications       (2021)      ","raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1158539859","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/M014126/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4327584750","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/V007734/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4585092078","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/M014150/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7094448879","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/S028455/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7461758821","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R007934/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8224135925","display_name":"Learning to Communicate: Deep Learning based solutions for the Physical Layer of Machine Type Communications [LeanCom]","funder_award_id":"EP/S028455/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3171176080.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3171176080.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1503398984","https://openalex.org/W1601795611","https://openalex.org/W1618543586","https://openalex.org/W1663973292","https://openalex.org/W1746819321","https://openalex.org/W1776998237","https://openalex.org/W1798702550","https://openalex.org/W2034651337","https://openalex.org/W2049934117","https://openalex.org/W2116193517","https://openalex.org/W2138069220","https://openalex.org/W2149721706","https://openalex.org/W2261663070","https://openalex.org/W2314562768","https://openalex.org/W2555593130","https://openalex.org/W2579190672","https://openalex.org/W2604992528","https://openalex.org/W2614851539","https://openalex.org/W2615358882","https://openalex.org/W2725078910","https://openalex.org/W2737688805","https://openalex.org/W2754644100","https://openalex.org/W2887135383","https://openalex.org/W2891787690","https://openalex.org/W2947007362","https://openalex.org/W2950277768","https://openalex.org/W2950929549","https://openalex.org/W2961979974","https://openalex.org/W2962691384","https://openalex.org/W2963408914","https://openalex.org/W2963742775","https://openalex.org/W2964045328","https://openalex.org/W2964330179","https://openalex.org/W2972072389","https://openalex.org/W2974178109","https://openalex.org/W2975510411","https://openalex.org/W3016754131","https://openalex.org/W3102347753","https://openalex.org/W4206530644","https://openalex.org/W4211049957","https://openalex.org/W4300568423","https://openalex.org/W6636178939","https://openalex.org/W6638209102","https://openalex.org/W6638307620","https://openalex.org/W6747890380"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W59120657","https://openalex.org/W3091795725","https://openalex.org/W1531121096","https://openalex.org/W2384509413","https://openalex.org/W3193940080","https://openalex.org/W2325128397","https://openalex.org/W2995861515","https://openalex.org/W2512536427","https://openalex.org/W2121601714","https://openalex.org/W2139615693"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Millimeter":[0],"wave":[1],"(mmwave)":[2],"communications,":[3],"envisaged":[4],"for":[5,157,165],"the":[6,43,68,71,76,81,89,94,104,108,124,129,186,191],"next":[7],"generation":[8],"wireless":[9],"networks,":[10],"rely":[11],"on":[12,107],"large":[13],"antenna":[14],"arrays":[15],"and":[16,30,60,193],"very":[17],"narrow,":[18],"high-gain":[19],"beams.":[20],"This":[21],"poses":[22],"significant":[23],"challenges":[24],"to":[25,47,66,185],"beam":[26,48,78,131,153,166,182],"alignment":[27,40],"between":[28],"transmitter":[29],"receiver,":[31],"which":[32,86,119,176],"has":[33],"attracted":[34],"considerable":[35],"research":[36],"attention.":[37],"Even":[38],"when":[39],"is":[41,45,64],"achieved,":[42],"link":[44],"subject":[46],"drift":[49],"(BD).":[50],"BD,":[51],"caused":[52],"by":[53],"non-ideal":[54],"features":[55],"inherent":[56],"in":[57,97],"practical":[58,121],"beams":[59,150,162],"rapidly":[61],"changing":[62],"environments,":[63],"referred":[65],"as":[67,113,115],"phenomenon":[69],"that":[70],"center":[72],"of":[73,75,110,126,128,195],"main-lobe":[74],"used":[77,156],"deviates":[79],"from":[80,139],"real":[82],"dominant":[83],"channel":[84],"direction,":[85],"further":[87],"deteriorates":[88],"system\u2019s":[90],"performance.":[91],"To":[92],"mitigate":[93],"BD":[95,105],"effect,":[96],"this":[98],"paper":[99],"we":[100,142,169],"first":[101],"theoretically":[102],"analyze":[103],"effect":[106],"performance":[109],"outage":[111],"probability":[112],"well":[114],"effective":[116],"achievable":[117],"rate,":[118],"takes":[120],"factors":[122],"(e.g.,":[123],"rate":[125],"change":[127],"environment,":[130],"width,":[132],"transmit":[133],"power)":[134],"into":[135],"account.":[136],"Then,":[137],"different":[138],"conventional":[140],"practice,":[141],"propose":[143],"a":[144],"novel":[145],"design":[146,170],"philosophy":[147],"where":[148],"multi-resolution":[149],"with":[151],"varying":[152],"widths":[154],"are":[155,163],"data":[158],"transmission":[159],"while":[160],"narrow":[161],"employed":[164],"training.":[167],"Finally,":[168],"an":[171,180],"efficient":[172],"learning":[173],"based":[174],"algorithm":[175],"can":[177],"adaptively":[178],"choose":[179],"appropriate":[181],"width":[183],"according":[184],"environment.":[187],"Simulation":[188],"results":[189],"demonstrate":[190],"effectiveness":[192],"superiority":[194],"our":[196],"proposals.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}