{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3139528444","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2021.3067058","title":"Covert Surveillance via Proactive Eavesdropping Under Channel Uncertainty","display_name":"Covert Surveillance via Proactive Eavesdropping Under Channel Uncertainty","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3139528444","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2021.3067058","mag":"3139528444"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2021.3067058","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2021.3067058","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007884120","display_name":"Zihao Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6982-3190"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zihao Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Integrated Service Networks Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","Integrated Service Networks Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Service Networks Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Service Networks Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009796023","display_name":"Jiangbo Si","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7419-4042"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162577319","display_name":"The University of Texas at Dallas","ror":"https://ror.org/049emcs32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiangbo Si","raw_affiliation_strings":["Integrated Service Networks Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA","Integrated Service Networks Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Service Networks Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Service Networks Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100697315","display_name":"Zan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5207-6504"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Integrated Service Networks Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","Integrated Service Networks Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Service Networks Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Service Networks Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042183747","display_name":"Lei Guan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7191-887X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Guan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Integrated Service Networks Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","Integrated Service Networks Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Service Networks Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Service Networks Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022746086","display_name":"Yan Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1143-355X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Integrated Service Networks Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","Integrated Service Networks Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Service Networks Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Service Networks Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100632499","display_name":"Danyang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6930-5628"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danyang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Integrated Service Networks Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","Integrated Service Networks Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Service Networks Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Service Networks Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045995606","display_name":"Julian Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6310-8236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260628","display_name":"University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/04241wz75","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julian Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081018704","display_name":"Naofal Al\u2010Dhahir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9894-8382"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162577319","display_name":"The University of Texas at Dallas","ror":"https://ror.org/049emcs32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naofal Al-Dhahir","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007884120"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8335,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90952387,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"6","first_page":"4024","last_page":"4037"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eavesdropping","display_name":"Eavesdropping","score":0.8673096895217896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7564535140991211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.5964003205299377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.5512373447418213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-alarm","display_name":"False alarm","score":0.5299725532531738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5205739140510559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5173839330673218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.45833662152290344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.43945345282554626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.4144305884838104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3560757040977478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2856079339981079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.17507478594779968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12490272521972656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776788033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320769","display_name":"Eavesdropping","level":2,"score":0.8673096895217896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7564535140991211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.5964003205299377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.5512373447418213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776836416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364844","display_name":"False alarm","level":2,"score":0.5299725532531738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5205739140510559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5173839330673218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.45833662152290344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.43945345282554626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.4144305884838104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3560757040977478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2856079339981079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.17507478594779968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12490272521972656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2021.3067058","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2021.3067058","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.550000011920929}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G24499223","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XJS210109","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2708385054","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61631015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4417477306","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61971337","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5135885775","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61941118","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6211194193","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61901328","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W581334404","https://openalex.org/W636358068","https://openalex.org/W1982068288","https://openalex.org/W1987954156","https://openalex.org/W1989821035","https://openalex.org/W2030585286","https://openalex.org/W2060500262","https://openalex.org/W2073138547","https://openalex.org/W2084796966","https://openalex.org/W2091271483","https://openalex.org/W2098346479","https://openalex.org/W2117519110","https://openalex.org/W2120073444","https://openalex.org/W2139794367","https://openalex.org/W2164804841","https://openalex.org/W2170470787","https://openalex.org/W2219510568","https://openalex.org/W2434195544","https://openalex.org/W2506174538","https://openalex.org/W2511419557","https://openalex.org/W2562742260","https://openalex.org/W2594393372","https://openalex.org/W2597120500","https://openalex.org/W2625263788","https://openalex.org/W2734473168","https://openalex.org/W2808367635","https://openalex.org/W2886871604","https://openalex.org/W2887538199","https://openalex.org/W2893082680","https://openalex.org/W2896420513","https://openalex.org/W2897986532","https://openalex.org/W2905930885","https://openalex.org/W2915414279","https://openalex.org/W2956202621","https://openalex.org/W2962701532","https://openalex.org/W2963262186","https://openalex.org/W2963381616","https://openalex.org/W2963389709","https://openalex.org/W2963450321","https://openalex.org/W2964286662","https://openalex.org/W2976081738","https://openalex.org/W3012022662","https://openalex.org/W3042842504","https://openalex.org/W3092473865","https://openalex.org/W3102020296","https://openalex.org/W3104101844","https://openalex.org/W3106493014"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387918499","https://openalex.org/W2772112465","https://openalex.org/W4386360526","https://openalex.org/W2368710903","https://openalex.org/W2158905603","https://openalex.org/W2766105476","https://openalex.org/W2735171729","https://openalex.org/W2769254131","https://openalex.org/W2091556092","https://openalex.org/W2908395774"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Surveillance":[0],"performance":[1,90],"is":[2,32,84,108],"studied":[3],"for":[4],"a":[5,10,15,74,92,105],"wireless":[6],"eavesdropping":[7],"system,":[8],"where":[9],"full-duplex":[11],"legitimate":[12],"monitor":[13],"eavesdrops":[14],"suspicious":[16,30,50,103,152],"user's":[17,153],"link":[18,154,166],"with":[19,73],"artificial":[20],"noise":[21],"(AN)":[22],"assistance.":[23],"Different":[24],"from":[25],"the":[26,29,39,47,49,59,65,88,98,102,112,122,126,129,134,143,148,151,157,161,164,169],"existing":[27],"works,":[28],"receiver":[31,45],"assumed":[33],"to":[34,63,86,110,141],"be":[35,70],"capable":[36],"of":[37,41,124],"detecting":[38],"presence":[40],"AN.":[42],"Once":[43],"such":[44],"detects":[46],"AN,":[48],"user":[51],"will":[52],"stop":[53],"transmission,":[54],"which":[55],"can":[56,155,167],"therefore":[57],"degrade":[58,168],"surveillance":[60,66,89,136,158,170],"performance.":[61,137,171],"Hence,":[62],"improve":[64],"performance,":[67,159],"AN":[68],"should":[69],"transmitted":[71],"covertly":[72],"low":[75],"detection":[76,99],"probability.":[77],"Under":[78],"these":[79],"assumptions,":[80],"an":[81,116],"optimization":[82,113],"problem":[83,114],"formulated":[85],"maximize":[87],"under":[91],"covert":[93,135],"constraint.":[94],"Then,":[95],"based":[96],"on":[97,133],"ability":[100],"at":[101],"receiver,":[104],"novel":[106],"scheme":[107],"proposed":[109],"solve":[111],"using":[115],"iterative":[117],"search.":[118],"Moreover,":[119],"we":[120],"investigate":[121],"impact":[123],"both":[125],"suspicious-transmitter-to-suspicious-receiver":[127],"and":[128],"monitor-to-suspicious-receiver":[130,165],"links":[131],"uncertainties":[132],"Simulations":[138],"are":[139],"performed":[140],"verify":[142],"analyses.":[144],"We":[145],"show":[146],"that":[147],"uncertainty":[149,162],"in":[150,163],"enhance":[156],"while":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
