{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3046190486","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2020.3012464","title":"Generalized Space Time Block Coded Spatial Modulation for Open-Loop Massive MIMO Downlink Communication Systems","display_name":"Generalized Space Time Block Coded Spatial Modulation for Open-Loop Massive MIMO Downlink Communication Systems","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3046190486","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2020.3012464","mag":"3046190486"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2020.3012464","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2020.3012464","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026003516","display_name":"Lixia Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7959-8356"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138186","display_name":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/03c9ncn37","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138186"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lixia Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138186","https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100392728","display_name":"Da Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6557-1512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138186","display_name":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/03c9ncn37","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138186"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Da Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138186","https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035110792","display_name":"Ibrahim Hemadeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1422-0333"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ibrahim Hemadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["5G Innovation Center, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"5G Innovation Center, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002566516","display_name":"Pei Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7886-5878"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pei Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["5G Innovation Center, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"5G Innovation Center, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100678341","display_name":"Tao Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8482-1046"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138186","display_name":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/03c9ncn37","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138186"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138186","https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026003516"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138186","https://openalex.org/I47720641"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0785,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8736351,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":"11","first_page":"6858","last_page":"6871"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.7976644039154053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space\u2013time-block-code","display_name":"Space\u2013time block code","score":0.7455650568008423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block-code","display_name":"Block code","score":0.7095096111297607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minimum-mean-square-error","display_name":"Minimum mean square error","score":0.6105398535728455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversity-gain","display_name":"Diversity gain","score":0.5727204084396362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.5429226756095886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.5332493782043457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-multiplexing","display_name":"Spatial multiplexing","score":0.4820331335067749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmit-diversity","display_name":"Transmit diversity","score":0.4703258275985718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4573471248149872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4352138638496399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.4314761161804199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.43055930733680725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equalization","display_name":"Equalization (audio)","score":0.42848116159439087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.3896089196205139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.3878692090511322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3705590069293976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.35114309191703796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.25614798069000244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fading","display_name":"Fading","score":0.1946621537208557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.1223142147064209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.08120602369308472}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.7976644039154053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83487572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371792","display_name":"Space\u2013time block code","level":4,"score":0.7455650568008423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157125643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q884707","display_name":"Block code","level":3,"score":0.7095096111297607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90652560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11091747","display_name":"Minimum mean square error","level":3,"score":0.6105398535728455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164785522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283966","display_name":"Diversity gain","level":4,"score":0.5727204084396362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.5429226756095886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.5332493782043457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85884896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574075","display_name":"Spatial multiplexing","level":4,"score":0.4820331335067749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117218131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834664","display_name":"Transmit diversity","level":4,"score":0.4703258275985718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4573471248149872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4352138638496399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4314761161804199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.43055930733680725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75755367","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104531076","display_name":"Equalization (audio)","level":3,"score":0.42848116159439087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.3896089196205139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3878692090511322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3705590069293976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.35114309191703796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.25614798069000244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81978471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196572","display_name":"Fading","level":3,"score":0.1946621537208557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.1223142147064209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.08120602369308472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2020.3012464","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2020.3012464","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:alma.44SUR_INST:11139987540002346","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197018","display_name":"View","issn_l":"2688-268X","issn":["2688-268X","2688-3988"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""},{"id":"pmh:oai:epubs.surrey.ac.uk:858299","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/858299/1/GSTBC_SM-twocolumn%281%29.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400680","display_name":"Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","host_organization_name":"University of Surrey","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2708385054","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61631015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8114187719","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61831013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1509724310","https://openalex.org/W1971549192","https://openalex.org/W1974336813","https://openalex.org/W1974619683","https://openalex.org/W1994406803","https://openalex.org/W1998505949","https://openalex.org/W2041635956","https://openalex.org/W2045688271","https://openalex.org/W2064636141","https://openalex.org/W2067605736","https://openalex.org/W2082029531","https://openalex.org/W2084304524","https://openalex.org/W2096936972","https://openalex.org/W2107080958","https://openalex.org/W2110238624","https://openalex.org/W2110659753","https://openalex.org/W2118040894","https://openalex.org/W2136359522","https://openalex.org/W2147930274","https://openalex.org/W2155351386","https://openalex.org/W2158210223","https://openalex.org/W2239825991","https://openalex.org/W2270315905","https://openalex.org/W2294746446","https://openalex.org/W2295559644","https://openalex.org/W2309773735","https://openalex.org/W2326963720","https://openalex.org/W2344065342","https://openalex.org/W2344228061","https://openalex.org/W2344487751","https://openalex.org/W2490915586","https://openalex.org/W2497490689","https://openalex.org/W2531843125","https://openalex.org/W2540370887","https://openalex.org/W2540924152","https://openalex.org/W2608594893","https://openalex.org/W2767089816","https://openalex.org/W2769100912","https://openalex.org/W2789446605","https://openalex.org/W2790666390","https://openalex.org/W2807852543","https://openalex.org/W2888962245","https://openalex.org/W2889804290","https://openalex.org/W2898558127","https://openalex.org/W2916387621","https://openalex.org/W2934027626","https://openalex.org/W2945942907","https://openalex.org/W2950114315","https://openalex.org/W2979101071","https://openalex.org/W2980136036","https://openalex.org/W3099416516","https://openalex.org/W4246372467","https://openalex.org/W4256217385"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3099373040","https://openalex.org/W2366259970","https://openalex.org/W3141404938","https://openalex.org/W2104651922","https://openalex.org/W2171159645","https://openalex.org/W1918457785","https://openalex.org/W175989902","https://openalex.org/W2028442719","https://openalex.org/W2186348743","https://openalex.org/W2534279604"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,25,89],"propose":[4,108],"a":[5],"generalized":[6],"space-time":[7],"block":[8,63],"coded":[9],"spatial":[10,40],"modulation":[11,41],"(GSTBC-SM)":[12],"scheme":[13,109,141,151],"for":[14,49,72],"open-loop":[15],"massive":[16,85,153],"multiple-input":[17],"and":[18,53,62,114,135],"multiple-output":[19],"(MIMO)":[20],"downlink":[21],"communication":[22],"systems.":[23],"Specifically,":[24],"firstly":[26],"partition":[27],"the":[28,39,44,91,99,107,127,132,138,148],"information":[29],"bits":[30],"into":[31],"multiple":[32],"groups":[33],"with":[34,80,118],"each":[35],"group":[36],"modulated":[37],"by":[38],"(SM),":[42],"where":[43],"SM":[45],"symbols":[46],"are":[47,70],"invoked":[48],"orthogonal":[50],"STBC":[51,55],"(OSTBC)":[52],"quasi-orthogonal":[54],"(Q-OSTBC)":[56],"structures.":[57],"Then,":[58],"message":[59],"passing":[60],"(MP)":[61],"minimum":[64],"mean":[65],"square":[66],"equalization":[67],"(B-MMSE)":[68],"detectors":[69],"designed":[71],"our":[73],"GSTBC-SM":[74,140],"systems,":[75],"to":[76],"achieve":[77],"near-optimal":[78],"performance":[79],"significantly":[81],"reduced":[82],"complexity":[83],"in":[84],"MIMO":[86,154],"configurations.":[87,155],"Finally,":[88],"derive":[90],"theoretical":[92,133],"average":[93],"bit":[94],"error":[95],"probability":[96],"(ABEP)":[97],"of":[98,121],"proposed":[100,139],"scheme.":[101],"The":[102],"main":[103],"contribution":[104],"is":[105],"that":[106,137],"achieves":[110],"high":[111],"transmission":[112],"rate":[113],"diversity":[115],"gain":[116,146],"even":[117],"small":[119],"number":[120],"radio":[122],"frequency":[123],"(RF)":[124],"chains":[125],"at":[126],"transmitter.":[128],"Simulation":[129],"results":[130],"verify":[131],"derivations":[134],"show":[136],"provides":[142],"near":[143],"20":[144],"dB":[145],"over":[147],"conventional":[149],"GSTBC":[150],"under":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
