{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3013708462","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2020.2982624","title":"Designing Near-Optimal Steganographic Codes in Practice Based on Polar Codes","display_name":"Designing Near-Optimal Steganographic Codes in Practice Based on Polar Codes","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-03-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3013708462","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2020.2982624","mag":"3013708462"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2020.2982624","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2020.2982624","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033791278","display_name":"Weixiang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5094-6548"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weixiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS Key Laboratory of Electro-magnetic Space Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5094-6548","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS Key Laboratory of Electro-magnetic Space Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067689180","display_name":"Weiming Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5576-6108"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiming Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS Key Laboratory of Electro-magnetic Space Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5576-6108","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS Key Laboratory of Electro-magnetic Space Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100361413","display_name":"Li Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4799-5896"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS Key Laboratory of Electro-magnetic Space Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS Key Laboratory of Electro-magnetic Space Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025286392","display_name":"Hang Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7860-8452"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hang Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS Key Laboratory of Electro-magnetic Space Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7860-8452","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS Key Laboratory of Electro-magnetic Space Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064573190","display_name":"Nenghai Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4417-9316"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nenghai Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS Key Laboratory of Electro-magnetic Space Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4417-9316","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS Key Laboratory of Electro-magnetic Space Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"],"apc_list":{"value":2045,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2045},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.5401,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":102,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97207775,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":"7","first_page":"3948","last_page":"3962"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11321","display_name":"Error Correcting Code Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganography","display_name":"Steganography","score":0.7736475467681885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6125808358192444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5964838862419128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.5532457828521729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-code","display_name":"Convolutional code","score":0.5180611610412598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turbo-code","display_name":"Turbo code","score":0.5145737528800964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concatenated-error-correction-code","display_name":"Concatenated error correction code","score":0.5052857995033264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.48219361901283264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.41559332609176636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block-code","display_name":"Block code","score":0.3285025358200073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.3251835107803345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.26886290311813354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.09650203585624695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.08684107661247253}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108801101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15032","display_name":"Steganography","level":3,"score":0.7736475467681885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6125808358192444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5964838862419128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.5532457828521729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157899210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1395022","display_name":"Convolutional code","level":3,"score":0.5180611610412598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114504821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2164281","display_name":"Turbo code","level":3,"score":0.5145737528800964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78944582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5158264","display_name":"Concatenated error correction code","level":4,"score":0.5052857995033264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.48219361901283264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.41559332609176636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157125643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q884707","display_name":"Block code","level":3,"score":0.3285025358200073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.3251835107803345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.26886290311813354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09650203585624695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.08684107661247253}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2020.2982624","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2020.2982624","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.44999998807907104}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5833623133","display_name":"\u9762\u5411\u9690\u853d\u5b58\u50a8\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u53ef\u9006\u9690\u5199\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61572452","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7644604961","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"WK6030000135","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8406824694","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1636201","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8597769403","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"WK6030000136","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W22271197","https://openalex.org/W1482218439","https://openalex.org/W1490898761","https://openalex.org/W1534147215","https://openalex.org/W1596128322","https://openalex.org/W1599992983","https://openalex.org/W1604614341","https://openalex.org/W1663899164","https://openalex.org/W1760530029","https://openalex.org/W1965064373","https://openalex.org/W1976570511","https://openalex.org/W2009130368","https://openalex.org/W2020560159","https://openalex.org/W2022964831","https://openalex.org/W2031350503","https://openalex.org/W2038504436","https://openalex.org/W2055625960","https://openalex.org/W2070912905","https://openalex.org/W2075397399","https://openalex.org/W2092838825","https://openalex.org/W2097435234","https://openalex.org/W2104705565","https://openalex.org/W2106045225","https://openalex.org/W2106802997","https://openalex.org/W2111900533","https://openalex.org/W2113237846","https://openalex.org/W2123712739","https://openalex.org/W2124664712","https://openalex.org/W2132089028","https://openalex.org/W2133722030","https://openalex.org/W2134527668","https://openalex.org/W2150498905","https://openalex.org/W2154026545","https://openalex.org/W2170598445","https://openalex.org/W2284321898","https://openalex.org/W2409149175","https://openalex.org/W2489939686","https://openalex.org/W2580220854","https://openalex.org/W2608866305","https://openalex.org/W2784816066","https://openalex.org/W2809176256","https://openalex.org/W2919668514","https://openalex.org/W2928717570","https://openalex.org/W3030092837","https://openalex.org/W4253000688","https://openalex.org/W6629210003","https://openalex.org/W6632049895","https://openalex.org/W6635939576","https://openalex.org/W6748003870"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2015101254","https://openalex.org/W1944343091","https://openalex.org/W2168862745","https://openalex.org/W1580452828","https://openalex.org/W1603044377","https://openalex.org/W2128050244","https://openalex.org/W2160335134","https://openalex.org/W1996737726","https://openalex.org/W2130515157","https://openalex.org/W2209506458"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Steganography":[0],"is":[1,18,169],"an":[2],"information":[3],"hiding":[4],"technique":[5],"for":[6,130,145,184,195],"covert":[7],"communication.":[8],"So":[9],"far":[10],"Syndrome-Trellis":[11],"Codes":[12,90],"(STC),":[13],"a":[14,38,54,78,82,134,193],"convolutional":[15],"codes-based":[16],"method,":[17,23],"the":[19,28,44,86,100,112,122,151,163,179,185],"only":[20,128],"near-optimal":[21,56],"coding":[22,47,58,165],"i.e.,":[24],"it":[25],"can":[26],"approach":[27],"rate-distortion":[29],"bound":[30],"of":[31,46,103,116,125,133,136,153,167,181,188,204],"content-adaptive":[32],"steganography":[33,42],"in":[34,75],"practice.":[35],"However,":[36],"as":[37,81,99],"secure":[39],"communication":[40],"application,":[41],"needs":[43],"diversity":[45],"methods.":[48],"This":[49,176],"paper":[50],"proposes":[51],"another":[52],"and":[53,106,191],"better":[55,197],"steganographic":[57,79,189,198],"method":[59],"based":[60,200],"on":[61,201],"polar":[62,126,182,205],"codes,":[63],"using":[64],"Successive":[65],"Cancellation":[66],"List":[67],"(SCL)":[68],"decoding":[69,108],"algorithm":[70],"to":[71,142,155],"minimize":[72,156],"additive":[73],"distortion":[74,118],"steganography.":[76],"Considering":[77],"channel":[80,109],"binary":[83],"symmetric":[84],"channel,":[85],"proposed":[87],"Steganographic":[88],"Polar":[89],"(SPC)":[91],"chooses":[92],"parity-check":[93],"matrix":[94],"by":[95],"setting":[96],"embedding":[97,174],"payload":[98],"initial":[101],"value":[102],"Arikan's":[104],"heuristic":[105],"computes":[107],"metric":[110],"from":[111],"optimal":[113],"modification":[114],"probability":[115],"minimal":[117],"model.":[119],"To":[120],"overcome":[121],"inherent":[123],"defect":[124],"codes":[127,183,190,199],"suiting":[129],"code":[131],"length":[132],"power":[135],"2,":[137],"we":[138],"introduce":[139],"three":[140],"strategies":[141],"generalize":[143],"SPC":[144,154,168],"arbitrary":[146,157],"length.":[147],"Experimental":[148],"results":[149],"validate":[150],"versatility":[152],"distortion.":[158],"When":[159],"compared":[160],"with":[161,172],"STC,":[162],"overall":[164],"performance":[166],"more":[170],"superior":[171],"low":[173],"complexity.":[175],"work":[177],"verifies":[178],"availability":[180],"practical":[186],"construction":[187],"provides":[192],"methodology":[194],"designing":[196],"any":[202],"advance":[203],"coding/decoding.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}