{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2980965333","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2019.2947918","title":"Anti-Intelligent UAV Jamming Strategy via Deep Q-Networks","display_name":"Anti-Intelligent UAV Jamming Strategy via Deep Q-Networks","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2980965333","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2019.2947918","mag":"2980965333"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2019.2947918","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2019.2947918","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/bitstream/123456789/62016/2/Qin%20Anti-Intelligent%20UAV%202019%20Accepted.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103192427","display_name":"Ning Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7067-1211"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ning Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7067-1211","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044671638","display_name":"Zhijin Qin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8507-3975"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhijin Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8507-3975","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027047483","display_name":"Xiaojun Jing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2560-4364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojun Jing","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2560-4364","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069951778","display_name":"Qiang Ni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4593-1656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","display_name":"Lancaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f2nsd36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Ni","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, Lancaster, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4593-1656","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, Lancaster, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013079905","display_name":"Shi Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0271-6021"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shi Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0271-6021","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":68.3562,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":106,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99795821,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":"1","first_page":"569","last_page":"581"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9652000069618225,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stackelberg-competition","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","score":0.9143800735473633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jamming","display_name":"Jamming","score":0.8560106158256531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partially-observable-markov-decision-process","display_name":"Partially observable Markov decision process","score":0.7461258172988892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7297201156616211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.7040359377861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6043886542320251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.562663733959198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.5516480207443237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.5323270559310913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.5038854479789734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimension","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","score":0.49189305305480957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-theory","display_name":"Game theory","score":0.48119884729385376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.43013566732406616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.3722591698169708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-model","display_name":"Markov model","score":0.2887175381183624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.23967885971069336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13552197813987732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.11906701326370239}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199510392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184602","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","level":2,"score":0.9143800735473633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779079576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092823","display_name":"Jamming","level":2,"score":0.8560106158256531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17098449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176814","display_name":"Partially observable Markov decision process","level":4,"score":0.7461258172988892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7297201156616211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.7040359377861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6043886542320251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.562663733959198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.5516480207443237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.5323270559310913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.5038854479789734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.49189305305480957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.48119884729385376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.43013566732406616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.3722591698169708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163836022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6771326","display_name":"Markov model","level":3,"score":0.2887175381183624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.23967885971069336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13552197813987732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.11906701326370239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2019.2947918","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2019.2947918","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:qmro.qmul.ac.uk:123456789/62016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/62016","pdf_url":"https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/bitstream/123456789/62016/2/Qin%20Anti-Intelligent%20UAV%202019%20Accepted.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400530","display_name":"Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","host_organization_name":"Queen Mary University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:qmro.qmul.ac.uk:123456789/62016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/62016","pdf_url":"https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/bitstream/123456789/62016/2/Qin%20Anti-Intelligent%20UAV%202019%20Accepted.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400530","display_name":"Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","host_organization_name":"Queen Mary University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G118385600","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFA0701602","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4083670233","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFA0701602","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5523231622","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IEC170324","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320006","funder_display_name":"Royal Society"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6555637624","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61625106","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320006","display_name":"Royal Society","ror":"https://ror.org/03wnrjx87"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2980965333.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32403112","https://openalex.org/W1640774615","https://openalex.org/W1932847118","https://openalex.org/W1988456768","https://openalex.org/W2031834036","https://openalex.org/W2039052858","https://openalex.org/W2088562872","https://openalex.org/W2111131418","https://openalex.org/W2118521282","https://openalex.org/W2121092017","https://openalex.org/W2123266551","https://openalex.org/W2132814903","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2155740782","https://openalex.org/W2164599584","https://openalex.org/W2268751503","https://openalex.org/W2528797658","https://openalex.org/W2566763967","https://openalex.org/W2611366557","https://openalex.org/W2615771123","https://openalex.org/W2751369415","https://openalex.org/W2752805504","https://openalex.org/W2776055286","https://openalex.org/W2782363571","https://openalex.org/W2784291237","https://openalex.org/W2802251403","https://openalex.org/W2883342142","https://openalex.org/W2885551694","https://openalex.org/W2886374543","https://openalex.org/W2890006332","https://openalex.org/W2890592307","https://openalex.org/W2897042325","https://openalex.org/W2901756368","https://openalex.org/W2902160827","https://openalex.org/W2962726494","https://openalex.org/W2962792006","https://openalex.org/W2962938178","https://openalex.org/W2963576178","https://openalex.org/W4210985493","https://openalex.org/W6636894280","https://openalex.org/W6677939520","https://openalex.org/W6678319617"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2886787543","https://openalex.org/W2096013579","https://openalex.org/W52153049","https://openalex.org/W1760611253","https://openalex.org/W1515117609","https://openalex.org/W1589140671","https://openalex.org/W4323315247","https://openalex.org/W2294884454","https://openalex.org/W3169161914","https://openalex.org/W4321379664"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,38,186],"downlink":[1],"communications":[2],"are":[3,173],"vulnerable":[4],"to":[5,34,128],"intelligent":[6],"unmanned":[7],"aerial":[8],"vehicle":[9],"(UAV)":[10],"jamming":[11,22,103],"attack.":[12],"In":[13],"this":[14],"paper,":[15],"we":[16,85,99,121,132],"propose":[17],"a":[18,43,53,91,166],"novel":[19],"anti-intelligent":[20],"UAV":[21,49,65],"strategy,":[23],"in":[24,112,144,165],"which":[25],"the":[26,31,48,56,64,71,78,82,101,106,113,118,123,134,139,145,150,153,158,162,176,180,190,195],"ground":[27,57,79],"users":[28,58],"can":[29],"learn":[30],"optimal":[32,102,135],"trajectory":[33,104,137],"elude":[35],"such":[36,87],"jamming.":[37],"problem":[39],"is":[40,67,184],"formulated":[41],"as":[42,52,60,63,90],"stackelberg":[44,154,163],"dynamic":[45],"game,":[46],"where":[47],"jammer":[50,66],"acts":[51],"leader":[54,88],"and":[55,156,175],"act":[59],"followers.":[61],"First,":[62],"only":[68],"aware":[69],"of":[70,77,152,179],"incomplete":[72],"channel":[73],"state":[74],"information":[75],"(CSI)":[76],"users,":[80],"for":[81,117,161],"first":[83],"attempt,":[84],"model":[86,129],"sub-game":[89],"partially":[92],"observable":[93],"Markov":[94,124],"decision":[95,125],"process":[96,126],"(POMDP).":[97],"Then,":[98],"obtain":[100,133],"via":[105,138],"developed":[107,140],"deep":[108,141],"recurrent":[109],"Q-networks":[110,142],"(DRQN)":[111],"three-dimension":[114],"space.":[115,147],"Next,":[116],"followers":[119],"sub-game,":[120],"use":[122],"(MDP)":[127],"it.":[130],"Then":[131],"communication":[136],"(DQN)":[143],"two-dimension":[146],"We":[148],"prove":[149],"existence":[151],"equilibrium":[155,164],"derive":[157],"closed-form":[159],"expression":[160],"special":[167],"case.":[168],"Moreover,":[169],"some":[170],"insightful":[171],"remarks":[172],"obtained":[174],"time":[177],"complexity":[178],"proposed":[181,191],"defense":[182,192],"strategy":[183,193],"analyzed.":[185],"simulations":[187],"show":[188],"that":[189],"outperforms":[194],"benchmark":[196],"strategies.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}