{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2802375096","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2018.2822815","title":"Statistical Modeling of Single-Photon Avalanche Diode Receivers for Optical Wireless Communications","display_name":"Statistical Modeling of Single-Photon Avalanche Diode Receivers for Optical Wireless Communications","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-04-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2802375096","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2018.2822815","mag":"2802375096"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2018.2822815","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2018.2822815","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/26/8466051/08336942.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/26/8466051/08336942.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009425476","display_name":"Elham Sarbazi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7506-2666"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elham Sarbazi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Li-Fi Research and Development Centre, Institute for Digital Communications, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7506-2666","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Li-Fi Research and Development Centre, Institute for Digital Communications, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043354202","display_name":"Majid Safari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7777-0052"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Majid Safari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Li-Fi Research and Development Centre, Institute for Digital Communications, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Li-Fi Research and Development Centre, Institute for Digital Communications, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074320996","display_name":"Harald Haas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9705-2701"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harald Haas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Li-Fi Research and Development Centre, Institute for Digital Communications, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9705-2701","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Li-Fi Research and Development Centre, Institute for Digital Communications, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":24.2723,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":88,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99393051,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"66","issue":"9","first_page":"4043","last_page":"4058"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10540","display_name":"Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon-counting","display_name":"Photon counting","score":0.6961759924888611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-photon-avalanche-diode","display_name":"Single-photon avalanche diode","score":0.6318864822387695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-wireless","display_name":"Optical wireless","score":0.5929315686225891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/avalanche-diode","display_name":"Avalanche diode","score":0.575300931930542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.5728389620780945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-position-modulation","display_name":"Pulse-position modulation","score":0.5545993447303772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poisson-distribution","display_name":"Poisson distribution","score":0.5544905066490173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.5406588315963745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/avalanche-photodiode","display_name":"Avalanche photodiode","score":0.5181370973587036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dead-time","display_name":"Dead time","score":0.5171855688095093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon","display_name":"Photon","score":0.478739470243454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.4751833975315094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4669189453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shot-noise","display_name":"Shot noise","score":0.4443938136100769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.40024334192276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.37614789605140686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.33163511753082275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.269717276096344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2684618830680847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2665891647338867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse","display_name":"Pulse (music)","score":0.24488195776939392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.24463975429534912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-amplitude-modulation","display_name":"Pulse-amplitude modulation","score":0.19628238677978516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16204291582107544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.1272631585597992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.08899721503257751}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781402376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126172","display_name":"Photon counting","level":3,"score":0.6961759924888611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193361668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7523761","display_name":"Single-photon avalanche diode","level":4,"score":0.6318864822387695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781305180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098907","display_name":"Optical wireless","level":3,"score":0.5929315686225891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95341827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175898","display_name":"Avalanche diode","level":4,"score":0.575300931930542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.5728389620780945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46035914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1767289","display_name":"Pulse-position modulation","level":5,"score":0.5545993447303772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100906024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205692","display_name":"Poisson distribution","level":2,"score":0.5544905066490173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.5406588315963745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109679912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175932","display_name":"Avalanche photodiode","level":3,"score":0.5181370973587036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159484563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628723","display_name":"Dead time","level":2,"score":0.5171855688095093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.478739470243454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.4751833975315094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4669189453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72659945","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1503574","display_name":"Shot noise","level":3,"score":0.4443938136100769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.40024334192276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.37614789605140686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33163511753082275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.269717276096344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2684618830680847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2665891647338867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780167933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1550652","display_name":"Pulse (music)","level":3,"score":0.24488195776939392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.24463975429534912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20518276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186130","display_name":"Pulse-amplitude modulation","level":4,"score":0.19628238677978516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16204291582107544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.1272631585597992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.08899721503257751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119321828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1267190","display_name":"Breakdown voltage","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2018.2822815","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2018.2822815","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/26/8466051/08336942.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:strathprints.strath.ac.uk:84177","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/view/author/1325792.html>","pdf_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/84177/1/Sarbazi_etal_IEEE_TC_2018_Statistical_modeling_of_single_photon_avalanche_diode_receivers.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402226","display_name":"Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","host_organization_name":"University of Strathclyde","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:openaire/3e293e59-af9a-40bd-a8ab-344108c69c2d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820/3e293e59-af9a-40bd-a8ab-344108c69c2d","pdf_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/files/58887494/Final_Version.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400321","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","host_organization_name":"University of Edinburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sarbazi, E, Safari, M & Haas, H 2018, 'Statistical Modeling of Single-Photon Avalanche Diode Receivers for Optical Wireless Communications', IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 66, no. 9, pp. 4043 - 4058. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCOMM.2018.2822815","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:publications/3e293e59-af9a-40bd-a8ab-344108c69c2d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/3e293e59-af9a-40bd-a8ab-344108c69c2d","pdf_url":"https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/58887494/Final_Version.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400321","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","host_organization_name":"University of Edinburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2018.2822815","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2018.2822815","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/26/8466051/08336942.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.5099999904632568,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1192082625","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/K008757/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2779924901","display_name":"Tackling the looming spectrum crisis in Wireless Communication","funder_award_id":"EP/K008757/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3271289881","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R023123/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4032870943","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/K008757","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4617449541","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R007101/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2802375096.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2802375096.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W8519299","https://openalex.org/W620978858","https://openalex.org/W1489003688","https://openalex.org/W1495711038","https://openalex.org/W2001525765","https://openalex.org/W2019230763","https://openalex.org/W2040264848","https://openalex.org/W2040589900","https://openalex.org/W2040775482","https://openalex.org/W2041251400","https://openalex.org/W2094269948","https://openalex.org/W2095279724","https://openalex.org/W2132255252","https://openalex.org/W2136925296","https://openalex.org/W2143151011","https://openalex.org/W2152477399","https://openalex.org/W2156260483","https://openalex.org/W2182219928","https://openalex.org/W2189139417","https://openalex.org/W2288720062","https://openalex.org/W2289929196","https://openalex.org/W2517814213","https://openalex.org/W2518316169","https://openalex.org/W2584376036","https://openalex.org/W2611756888","https://openalex.org/W2734918664","https://openalex.org/W3113221786","https://openalex.org/W3161928560","https://openalex.org/W4300450205","https://openalex.org/W6600369348","https://openalex.org/W6629125836","https://openalex.org/W6629684685","https://openalex.org/W6650685574","https://openalex.org/W6681405179","https://openalex.org/W6685597297","https://openalex.org/W6687528161","https://openalex.org/W6689204769","https://openalex.org/W6696812750","https://openalex.org/W6726379703","https://openalex.org/W6732912821","https://openalex.org/W6737459064"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2171671863","https://openalex.org/W3080739795","https://openalex.org/W2955853322","https://openalex.org/W2247358313","https://openalex.org/W2042345645","https://openalex.org/W4328131324","https://openalex.org/W1969545461","https://openalex.org/W2894247043","https://openalex.org/W4229368728","https://openalex.org/W2781721505"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"a":[3,42,55],"comprehensive":[4],"analytical":[5],"approach":[6],"is":[7,26,39,119,149,168],"presented":[8],"for":[9,34,80,99,130,159],"modeling":[10],"the":[11,36,63,68,72,77,81,92,122,126,131,152,157],"counting":[12,32],"statistics":[13],"of":[14,74,89,94,133,156],"active":[15,101],"quenching":[16,19,69,102,105],"and":[17,58,84,87,103,117,144,151,164],"passive":[18,104],"single-photon":[20],"avalanche":[21],"diode":[22],"(SPAD)":[23],"detectors.":[24],"It":[25],"shown":[27],"that,":[28],"unlike":[29],"ideal":[30],"photon":[31,46],"receiver":[33],"which":[35],"detection":[37],"process":[38],"described":[40],"by":[41,62,67],"Poisson":[43,56],"arrival":[44],"process,":[45],"counts":[47],"in":[48,91],"practical":[49],"SPAD":[50,134],"receivers":[51],"do":[52],"not":[53],"follow":[54],"distribution":[57,83],"are":[59,97,111],"highly":[60],"affected":[61],"dead":[64,95,161],"time":[65,96,162],"caused":[66],"circuit.":[70],"Using":[71],"concepts":[73],"renewal":[75],"theory,":[76],"exact":[78],"expressions":[79],"probability":[82,109],"moments":[85,123,132],"(mean":[86],"variance)":[88],"photocounts":[90],"presence":[93],"derived":[98,108],"both":[100],"SPADs.":[106],"The":[107],"distributions":[110],"validated":[112],"through":[113],"Monte":[114],"Carlo":[115],"simulations":[116],"it":[118],"demonstrated":[120],"that":[121],"match":[124],"with":[125,141],"existing":[127],"empirical":[128],"models":[129],"photocounts.":[135],"Furthermore,":[136],"an":[137],"optical":[138],"communication":[139],"system":[140,158],"on-off":[142],"keying":[143],"binary":[145],"pulse":[146],"position":[147],"modulation":[148],"considered":[150],"bit":[153],"error":[154],"performance":[155],"different":[160],"values":[163],"background":[165],"count":[166],"levels":[167],"evaluated.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
