{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1968024479","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcom.1987.1096826","title":"Derivation of Gardner's Timing-Error Detector from the Maximum Likelihood Principle","display_name":"Derivation of Gardner's Timing-Error Detector from the Maximum Likelihood Principle","publication_year":1987,"publication_date":"1987-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1968024479","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcom.1987.1096826","mag":"1968024479"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcom.1987.1096826","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcom.1987.1096826","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170832","display_name":"IRE Transactions on Communications Systems","issn_l":"0096-2244","issn":["0096-2244","2162-2132"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088086963","display_name":"M. Oerder","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99977706","display_name":"FH Aachen","ror":"https://ror.org/04tqgg260","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99977706"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"M. Oerder","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Elektrische Regelungstechnik, RWTH Aachen University of Technology, Aachen, Germany","Aachen Technical Univ., Aachen, West Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Elektrische Regelungstechnik, RWTH Aachen University of Technology, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aachen Technical Univ., Aachen, West Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99977706"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088086963"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799","https://openalex.org/I99977706"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5114,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60619726,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"6","first_page":"684","last_page":"685"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12879","display_name":"Distributed Sensor Networks and Detection Algorithms","score":0.9678999781608582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11697","display_name":"Numerical Methods and Algorithms","score":0.9505000114440918,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.7537474632263184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.511772096157074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.49100497364997864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.48502108454704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interval","display_name":"Interval (graph theory)","score":0.46133339405059814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-shift-keying","display_name":"Phase-shift keying","score":0.45139288902282715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-likelihood","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","score":0.4506344199180603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.4248460531234741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symbol","display_name":"Symbol (formal)","score":0.4239100217819214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3320174217224121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.33048492670059204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.2531645596027374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.14040657877922058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.10203737020492554}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.7537474632263184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.511772096157074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.49100497364997864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.48502108454704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778067643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166507","display_name":"Interval (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.46133339405059814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186378180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4874866","display_name":"Phase-shift keying","level":4,"score":0.45139288902282715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49781872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045555","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","level":2,"score":0.4506344199180603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.4248460531234741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134400042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2372244","display_name":"Symbol (formal)","level":2,"score":0.4239100217819214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3320174217224121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.33048492670059204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.2531645596027374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.14040657877922058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.10203737020492554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcom.1987.1096826","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcom.1987.1096826","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170832","display_name":"IRE Transactions on Communications Systems","issn_l":"0096-2244","issn":["0096-2244","2162-2132"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.800000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971114551"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2785337709","https://openalex.org/W2166826179","https://openalex.org/W3160586848","https://openalex.org/W2353706040","https://openalex.org/W2105809531","https://openalex.org/W4229460007","https://openalex.org/W2001301152","https://openalex.org/W3188129127","https://openalex.org/W3199830430","https://openalex.org/W2338102219"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"a":[1,7,23],"recent":[2],"paper":[3],"[1],":[4],"Gardner":[5],"described":[6],"new":[8],"timing-error":[9],"detector":[10,15,45],"for":[11],"sampled":[12,28],"receivers.":[13],"The":[14],"derives":[16],"timing":[17],"information":[18],"without":[19],"decision":[20],"direction":[21],"from":[22,49],"BPSK":[24],"or":[25],"QPSK":[26],"signal":[27],"at":[29],"rate":[30],"<tex":[31,36],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[32,37],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2/T</tex>":[33],"(symbol":[34],"interval":[35],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">T</tex>":[38],").":[39],"We":[40],"will":[41],"show":[42],"how":[43],"this":[44],"can":[46],"be":[47],"derived":[48],"the":[50,59,62],"maximum":[51],"likelihood":[52],"principle,":[53],"and":[54],"thus":[55],"give":[56],"insight":[57],"into":[58],"nature":[60],"of":[61],"algorithm.":[63]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}