{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2148565692","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcom.1987.1096722","title":"Dilated Networks for Photonic Switching","display_name":"Dilated Networks for Photonic Switching","publication_year":1987,"publication_date":"1987-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2148565692","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcom.1987.1096722","mag":"2148565692"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcom.1987.1096722","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcom.1987.1096722","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170832","display_name":"IRE Transactions on Communications Systems","issn_l":"0096-2244","issn":["0096-2244","2162-2132"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072509657","display_name":"Krishnan Padmanabhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3255-8346"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283103587","display_name":"AT&T (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02bbd5539","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283103587"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Padmanabhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Technology Research Laboratory, AT and T Bell Laboratories, Inc., Murray Hill, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Technology Research Laboratory, AT and T Bell Laboratories, Inc., Murray Hill, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283103587"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034100897","display_name":"Arun N. Netravali","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283103587","display_name":"AT&T (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02bbd5539","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283103587"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Netravali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Technology Research Laboratory, AT and T Bell Laboratories, Inc., Murray Hill, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Technology Research Laboratory, AT and T Bell Laboratories, Inc., Murray Hill, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283103587"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.7116,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":237,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99088719,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"12","first_page":"1357","last_page":"1365"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10847","display_name":"Advanced Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crosstalk","display_name":"Crosstalk","score":0.7808507084846497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-switch","display_name":"Optical switch","score":0.7583690881729126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photonics","display_name":"Photonics","score":0.6934824585914612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partition","display_name":"Partition (number theory)","score":0.5913644433021545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5565782189369202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.482608437538147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/switching-time","display_name":"Switching time","score":0.4397231638431549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-dividers-and-directional-couplers","display_name":"Power dividers and directional couplers","score":0.4296819865703583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.29571112990379333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.25744152069091797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.24706411361694336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.21651247143745422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.15809419751167297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15222129225730896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.1145443320274353}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169822122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230187","display_name":"Crosstalk","level":2,"score":0.7808507084846497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101336846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105111","display_name":"Optical switch","level":2,"score":0.7583690881729126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20788544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467054","display_name":"Photonics","level":2,"score":0.6934824585914612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1082910","display_name":"Partition (number theory)","level":2,"score":0.5913644433021545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5565782189369202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.482608437538147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199310435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7659121","display_name":"Switching time","level":2,"score":0.4397231638431549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202988678","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417986","display_name":"Power dividers and directional couplers","level":2,"score":0.4296819865703583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.29571112990379333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.25744152069091797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.24706411361694336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.21651247143745422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.15809419751167297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15222129225730896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.1145443320274353}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcom.1987.1096722","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcom.1987.1096722","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170832","display_name":"IRE Transactions on Communications Systems","issn_l":"0096-2244","issn":["0096-2244","2162-2132"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W190568111","https://openalex.org/W1500590019","https://openalex.org/W1976284552","https://openalex.org/W1988106874","https://openalex.org/W2011849452","https://openalex.org/W2017391294","https://openalex.org/W2044548351","https://openalex.org/W2051201523","https://openalex.org/W2052282410","https://openalex.org/W2062153019","https://openalex.org/W2158628858","https://openalex.org/W2164309468","https://openalex.org/W2768894462","https://openalex.org/W2800143172","https://openalex.org/W6607783537","https://openalex.org/W6661324142","https://openalex.org/W6745886401"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2089641754","https://openalex.org/W2098509161","https://openalex.org/W2084422682","https://openalex.org/W2034014980","https://openalex.org/W2049737582","https://openalex.org/W2037149784","https://openalex.org/W1979943515","https://openalex.org/W2119676616","https://openalex.org/W4321137924","https://openalex.org/W4321450746"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"some":[2],"novel":[3],"architectures":[4],"for":[5,108,125],"rearrangeably":[6],"nonblocking":[7],"multistage":[8],"photonic":[9,53],"space":[10],"switches":[11,107],"implemented":[12],"using":[13],"arrays":[14,138],"of":[15,35,48,70,93,104,139,157,173],"<tex":[16,72],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[17,73],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Ti:LiNbO_{3}</tex>":[18],"directional":[19,105],"couplers.":[20],"Multistage":[21],"networks,":[22,81],"studied":[23],"mostly":[24],"in":[25,68,161,171],"the":[26,33,52,57,66,71,83,115,150,155,163],"electronic":[27],"domain,":[28],"are":[29],"obtained":[30],"by":[31,65],"minimizing":[32],"number":[34,103],"2":[36,38,75],"\u00d7":[37],"elements":[39],"needed":[40],"to":[41,51,61,148,176,180],"implement":[42],"a":[43,87,109,118,158],"switch.":[44],"Unfortunately,":[45],"straightforward":[46],"extensions":[47],"these":[49],"networks":[50],"domain":[54],"show":[55],"that":[56],"switch":[58,111,116,132,151,164],"size":[59],"has":[60,117],"be":[62,166],"severely":[63],"limited":[64],"crosstalk":[67],"each":[69],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Ti:LiNbO_{3}":[74],"\\times":[76],"2</tex>":[77],"switching":[78],"elements.":[79],"Our":[80],"on":[82],"other":[84],"hand,":[85],"have":[86],"controllable":[88],"(including":[89],"almost":[90],"zero)":[91],"amount":[92],"crosstalk,":[94,162],"low":[95],"optical":[96],"path":[97],"loss,":[98],"and":[99,122],"an":[100],"asymptotically":[101],"optimal":[102],"coupler":[106],"given":[110],"size.":[112],"In":[113],"addition,":[114],"simple":[119],"control":[120],"algorithm":[121],"its":[123,174],"performance":[124],"light":[126],"loading":[127],"appears":[128],"very":[129],"promising.":[130],"The":[131],"is":[133],"easily":[134],"decomposable":[135],"into":[136,152],"smaller":[137],"no":[140],"more":[141],"than":[142],"two":[143],"types,":[144],"making":[145],"it":[146],"easy":[147],"partition":[149],"chips.":[153],"At":[154],"cost":[156],"slight":[159],"increase":[160],"can":[165],"made":[167],"single":[168],"fault":[169],"tolerant":[170],"terms":[172],"ability":[175],"connect":[177],"any":[178,181],"input":[179],"output.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
