{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1986129754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcom.1986.1096538","title":"Gray-Scale Image Coding for Freeze-Frame Videoconferencing","display_name":"Gray-Scale Image Coding for Freeze-Frame Videoconferencing","publication_year":1986,"publication_date":"1986-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1986129754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcom.1986.1096538","mag":"1986129754"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcom.1986.1096538","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcom.1986.1096538","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170832","display_name":"IRE Transactions on Communications Systems","issn_l":"0096-2244","issn":["0096-2244","2162-2132"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053783737","display_name":"Dimitris Anastassiou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2459-909X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Anastassiou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039056505","display_name":"William B. Pennebaker","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W. Pennebaker","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076473268","display_name":"Jude F. Mitchell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0197-7545"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Mitchell","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.6211,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95330202,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"4","first_page":"382","last_page":"394"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10901","display_name":"Advanced Data Compression Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10901","display_name":"Advanced Data Compression Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10741","display_name":"Video Coding and Compression Technologies","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.67830491065979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6773626804351807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6387888193130493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.6021125316619873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.563948392868042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grayscale","display_name":"Grayscale","score":0.5424261093139648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.5109214186668396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-quality","display_name":"Image quality","score":0.4895209074020386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.4795265197753906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.4584898352622986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.4437950849533081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-compression","display_name":"Image compression","score":0.4399567246437073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2764583230018616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19523334503173828}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.67830491065979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6773626804351807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6387888193130493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.6021125316619873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.563948392868042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78201319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685727","display_name":"Grayscale","level":3,"score":0.5424261093139648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.5109214186668396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55020928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813865","display_name":"Image quality","level":3,"score":0.4895209074020386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.4795265197753906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.4584898352622986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.4437950849533081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13481523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412438","display_name":"Image compression","level":4,"score":0.4399567246437073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2764583230018616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19523334503173828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcom.1986.1096538","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcom.1986.1096538","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170832","display_name":"IRE Transactions on Communications Systems","issn_l":"0096-2244","issn":["0096-2244","2162-2132"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1486071255","https://openalex.org/W1519253855","https://openalex.org/W1976150490","https://openalex.org/W2009546250","https://openalex.org/W2023654794","https://openalex.org/W2078498116","https://openalex.org/W2085419553","https://openalex.org/W2099590965","https://openalex.org/W2113116398","https://openalex.org/W2165564574","https://openalex.org/W3036011429","https://openalex.org/W4236799535","https://openalex.org/W6779365989"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W115686965","https://openalex.org/W2768918307","https://openalex.org/W2040020606","https://openalex.org/W2110031805","https://openalex.org/W4362659915","https://openalex.org/W2113071088","https://openalex.org/W2321543601","https://openalex.org/W1990016983","https://openalex.org/W2972861887","https://openalex.org/W2393930098"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"new":[1],"gray-scale":[2,84,109],"image":[3,42,64,70,75,110],"coding":[4],"technique":[5,22],"has":[6,15,23],"been":[7,16,24],"developed,":[8],"in":[9,26,103,117],"which":[10,31],"an":[11],"extended":[12],"DPCM":[13],"approach":[14],"combined":[17],"with":[18,59],"entropy":[19],"coding.":[20],"This":[21],"implemented":[25],"a":[27,90,105],"freeze-frame":[28],"videoconferencing":[29],"system":[30],"is":[32,66],"now":[33],"operational":[34],"at":[35],"IBM":[36],"sites":[37],"throughout":[38],"the":[39,44,48,72,80],"world.":[40],"Following":[41],"preprocessing,":[43],"two":[45],"fields":[46],"of":[47],"interlaced":[49],"512":[50],"x":[51],"480":[52],"pixel":[53,94],"video":[54,85],"frame":[55],"are":[56,115],"compressed":[57],"sequentially":[58],"different":[60],"algorithms.":[61],"The":[62,108],"reconstructed":[63,74],"quality":[65],"improved":[67],"by":[68],"subsequent":[69],"postprocessing,":[71],"final":[73],"being":[76],"almost":[77],"indistinguishable":[78],"from":[79],"original":[81],"image.":[82],"Typical":[83],"images":[86],"compress":[87],"to":[88],"about":[89,104],"half":[91,106],"bit":[92],"per":[93],"and":[95,112],"transmit":[96],"over":[97],"4.8":[98],"kbit/s":[99],"dial-up":[100],"telephone":[101],"lines":[102],"minute.":[107],"processing":[111],"compression":[113],"algorithms":[114],"described":[116],"this":[118],"paper.":[119]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}