{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2040561662","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcom.1983.1095814","title":"Bit Rate Reduction of Digitized Speech Using Entropy Techniques","display_name":"Bit Rate Reduction of Digitized Speech Using Entropy Techniques","publication_year":1983,"publication_date":"1983-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2040561662","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcom.1983.1095814","mag":"2040561662"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcom.1983.1095814","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcom.1983.1095814","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170832","display_name":"IRE Transactions on Communications Systems","issn_l":"0096-2244","issn":["0096-2244","2162-2132"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005113994","display_name":"P. Bocci","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1333370159","display_name":"Motorola (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01hafxd32","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1333370159"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Bocci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Communications Division, Motorola, Inc., Schaumburg, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communications Division, Motorola, Inc., Schaumburg, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333370159"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048546627","display_name":"J.L. LoCicero","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180949307","display_name":"Illinois Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037t3ry66","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. LoCicero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6989,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76128806,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"3","first_page":"424","last_page":"430"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10901","display_name":"Advanced Data Compression Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10901","display_name":"Advanced Data Compression Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/huffman-coding","display_name":"Huffman coding","score":0.9294915199279785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5531085729598999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bitstream","display_name":"Bitstream","score":0.5278318524360657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.502587080001831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4875011146068573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-coding","display_name":"Speech coding","score":0.46293869614601135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conditional-entropy","display_name":"Conditional entropy","score":0.4473518431186676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable-length-code","display_name":"Variable-length code","score":0.44600266218185425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shannon\u2013fano-coding","display_name":"Shannon\u2013Fano coding","score":0.4198985993862152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3986752927303314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.36563384532928467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-compression","display_name":"Data compression","score":0.28757888078689575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.19088569283485413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.15846574306488037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principle-of-maximum-entropy","display_name":"Principle of maximum entropy","score":0.11080074310302734}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46900642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2647","display_name":"Huffman coding","level":3,"score":0.9294915199279785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5531085729598999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136695289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q415568","display_name":"Bitstream","level":3,"score":0.5278318524360657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.502587080001831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4875011146068573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13895895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3270773","display_name":"Speech coding","level":2,"score":0.46293869614601135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101721835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q813908","display_name":"Conditional entropy","level":3,"score":0.4473518431186676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60603091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2981616","display_name":"Variable-length code","level":3,"score":0.44600266218185425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130811719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2645","display_name":"Shannon\u2013Fano coding","level":4,"score":0.4198985993862152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3986752927303314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.36563384532928467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78548338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2493","display_name":"Data compression","level":2,"score":0.28757888078689575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19088569283485413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.15846574306488037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9679016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417473","display_name":"Principle of maximum entropy","level":2,"score":0.11080074310302734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcom.1983.1095814","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcom.1983.1095814","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170832","display_name":"IRE Transactions on Communications Systems","issn_l":"0096-2244","issn":["0096-2244","2162-2132"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W788498898","https://openalex.org/W1570994700","https://openalex.org/W1980681939","https://openalex.org/W1992689425","https://openalex.org/W2002621623","https://openalex.org/W2016867684","https://openalex.org/W2018452484","https://openalex.org/W2060108852","https://openalex.org/W2085419553","https://openalex.org/W2089259910","https://openalex.org/W2093482553","https://openalex.org/W2100707159","https://openalex.org/W2103117123","https://openalex.org/W2106934921","https://openalex.org/W2107788134","https://openalex.org/W2115613939","https://openalex.org/W2118598044","https://openalex.org/W2132193886","https://openalex.org/W2134317548","https://openalex.org/W2149535079","https://openalex.org/W2150587533","https://openalex.org/W2154636528","https://openalex.org/W2165924942","https://openalex.org/W2168460927","https://openalex.org/W4231807801"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312628177","https://openalex.org/W2123072960","https://openalex.org/W1607635215","https://openalex.org/W1579872668","https://openalex.org/W2156106714","https://openalex.org/W2586352442","https://openalex.org/W1988389398","https://openalex.org/W2367665007","https://openalex.org/W1532348468","https://openalex.org/W2128786279"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"the":[2,9,39,54,79,117,128],"results":[3],"of":[4,12,53,74,111,127],"a":[5,19,72,89,125],"study":[6,126],"to":[7,132],"reduce":[8],"bit":[10,40,63,108],"rate":[11,64,109],"speech":[13],"that":[14,61],"has":[15],"been":[16],"digitized":[17],"with":[18,95,124],"continuously":[20],"variable":[21],"slope":[22],"delta":[23],"modulator":[24],"(CVSD)":[25],"operating":[26],"at":[27],"16,":[28],"24,":[29],"and":[30,98],"32":[31],"kbits/s.":[32],"The":[33,43,57,121],"theoretical":[34,55],"reduction":[35,65],"is":[36,49,101],"found":[37],"from":[38],"stream":[41],"entropy.":[42],"actual":[44],"reduction,":[45],"via":[46],"Huffman":[47,75,99],"coding,":[48,87,100],"within":[50],"1-2":[51],"Percent":[52],"value.":[56],"conditional":[58],"entropy":[59,106,135],"indicates":[60],"additional":[62],"can":[66],"be":[67],"achieved":[68,115],"if":[69],"we":[70],"use":[71],"set":[73],"codes,":[76],"conditioned":[77],"on":[78],"past":[80],"CVSD":[81,118],"bits.":[82],"A":[83],"third":[84],"technique,":[85],"tandem":[86,94],"using":[88],"maximum":[90],"likelihood":[91],"predictor":[92],"in":[93],"run":[96],"length":[97],"also":[102],"investigated.":[103],"Using":[104],"these":[105,134],"techniques,":[107],"reductions":[110],"11-25":[112],"percent":[113],"are":[114],"for":[116],"rates":[119],"considered.":[120],"paper":[122],"concludes":[123],"buffer":[129],"requirements":[130],"needed":[131],"support":[133],"coders.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}