{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2095975429","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcom.1982.1095533","title":"Theory of Spread-Spectrum Communications - A Tutorial","display_name":"Theory of Spread-Spectrum Communications - A Tutorial","publication_year":1982,"publication_date":"1982-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2095975429","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcom.1982.1095533","mag":"2095975429"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcom.1982.1095533","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcom.1982.1095533","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004688133","display_name":"R.L. Pickholtz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193531525","display_name":"George Washington University","ror":"https://ror.org/00y4zzh67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Pickholtz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, George Washington University, Washington D.C., WI, USA","George Washington University , Washington, D.C"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, George Washington University, Washington D.C., WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Washington University , Washington, D.C","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023419740","display_name":"D. L. Schilling","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125687163","display_name":"City College of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/00wmhkr98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125687163"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Schilling","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA","[Department of Electrical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125687163"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125687163"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108603656","display_name":"L.B. Milstein","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Milstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA","[Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.2351,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1360,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98612528,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"5","first_page":"855","last_page":"884"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10575","display_name":"Wireless Communication Networks Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10575","display_name":"Wireless Communication Networks Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spread-spectrum","display_name":"Spread spectrum","score":0.8796192407608032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6753268837928772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direct-sequence-spread-spectrum","display_name":"Direct-sequence spread spectrum","score":0.6386770009994507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-propagation","display_name":"Multipath propagation","score":0.5834923982620239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-interference","display_name":"Multipath interference","score":0.5618891716003418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-system","display_name":"Communications system","score":0.5500650405883789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.5128384232521057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-gain","display_name":"Process gain","score":0.4962323307991028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.4932782053947449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4856085181236267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-division-multiple-access","display_name":"Code division multiple access","score":0.46966683864593506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-hopping-spread-spectrum","display_name":"Frequency-hopping spread spectrum","score":0.44530221819877625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.24477723240852356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.1631351113319397}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105344744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q958957","display_name":"Spread spectrum","level":3,"score":0.8796192407608032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6753268837928772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194491627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334354","display_name":"Direct-sequence spread spectrum","level":4,"score":0.6386770009994507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161218011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath propagation","level":3,"score":0.5834923982620239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174749922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath interference","level":4,"score":0.5618891716003418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.5500650405883789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.5128384232521057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198124995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4075141","display_name":"Process gain","level":4,"score":0.4962323307991028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.4932782053947449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4856085181236267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47696715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q233394","display_name":"Code division multiple access","level":2,"score":0.46966683864593506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122962297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136013","display_name":"Frequency-hopping spread spectrum","level":2,"score":0.44530221819877625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.24477723240852356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.1631351113319397}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcom.1982.1095533","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcom.1982.1095533","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.114.208","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.114.208","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://pdos.csail.mit.edu/decouto/papers/pickholtz82.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W238176571","https://openalex.org/W1480210121","https://openalex.org/W1538531495","https://openalex.org/W1569879151","https://openalex.org/W1577906631","https://openalex.org/W1589190557","https://openalex.org/W1594652978","https://openalex.org/W1615392173","https://openalex.org/W1975457695","https://openalex.org/W1975948716","https://openalex.org/W1978311762","https://openalex.org/W1984386576","https://openalex.org/W1990577562","https://openalex.org/W1994408667","https://openalex.org/W1994889361","https://openalex.org/W1995050355","https://openalex.org/W1998022024","https://openalex.org/W2002829556","https://openalex.org/W2012671328","https://openalex.org/W2036201099","https://openalex.org/W2040384837","https://openalex.org/W2045038939","https://openalex.org/W2058219874","https://openalex.org/W2067096554","https://openalex.org/W2068889198","https://openalex.org/W2099503938","https://openalex.org/W2101365840","https://openalex.org/W2103154484","https://openalex.org/W2105238376","https://openalex.org/W2108381341","https://openalex.org/W2111086843","https://openalex.org/W2113627606","https://openalex.org/W2114722040","https://openalex.org/W2117005464","https://openalex.org/W2120364841","https://openalex.org/W2138315355","https://openalex.org/W2138874182","https://openalex.org/W2139315568","https://openalex.org/W2142724202","https://openalex.org/W2147715608","https://openalex.org/W2150276672","https://openalex.org/W2153911573","https://openalex.org/W2156165672","https://openalex.org/W2158902874","https://openalex.org/W2162442687","https://openalex.org/W2164334465","https://openalex.org/W2168500994","https://openalex.org/W2170850585","https://openalex.org/W2182112064","https://openalex.org/W2592570088","https://openalex.org/W3016665156","https://openalex.org/W3033906793","https://openalex.org/W6778778494"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2898347774","https://openalex.org/W2120948202","https://openalex.org/W2369457601","https://openalex.org/W2157944696","https://openalex.org/W2304504342","https://openalex.org/W242789257","https://openalex.org/W2265199195","https://openalex.org/W2363742747","https://openalex.org/W2131832797","https://openalex.org/W47327254"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spread-spectrum":[0],"communications,":[1,57],"with":[2],"its":[3],"inherent":[4],"interference":[5],"attenuation":[6],"capability,":[7],"has":[8],"over":[9],"the":[10,42,53,62,68],"years":[11],"become":[12],"an":[13],"increasingly":[14],"popular":[15],"technique":[16],"for":[17,81],"use":[18],"in":[19],"many":[20],"different":[21],"systems.":[22],"Applications":[23],"range":[24],"from":[25],"antijam":[26],"systems,":[27,33],"to":[28,34,37,47,65],"code":[29],"division":[30],"multiple":[31],"access":[32],"systems":[35],"designed":[36],"combat":[38],"multipath.":[39],"It":[40],"is":[41],"intention":[43],"of":[44,52,55,70],"this":[45],"paper":[46],"provide":[48],"a":[49,59],"tutorial":[50],"treatment":[51],"theory":[54],"spread-spectrum":[56],"including":[58],"discussion":[60],"on":[61,67,75],"applications":[63],"referred":[64],"above,":[66],"properties":[69],"common":[71],"spreading":[72],"sequences,":[73],"and":[74,83],"techniques":[76],"that":[77],"can":[78],"be":[79],"used":[80],"acquisition":[82],"tracking.":[84]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":56},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":49}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
