{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2182773004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcom.1981.1095151","title":"The Structure of Quantization Noise from Sigma-Delta Modulation","display_name":"The Structure of Quantization Noise from Sigma-Delta Modulation","publication_year":1981,"publication_date":"1981-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2182773004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcom.1981.1095151","mag":"2182773004"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcom.1981.1095151","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcom.1981.1095151","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170832","display_name":"IRE Transactions on Communications Systems","issn_l":"0096-2244","issn":["0096-2244","2162-2132"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078089890","display_name":"James C. Candy","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J. Candy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bell Laboratories, Inc., Holmdel, NJ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bell Laboratories, Inc., Holmdel, NJ, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053912420","display_name":"O. Benjamin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"O. Benjamin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bell Laboratories, Inc., Holmdel, NJ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bell Laboratories, Inc., Holmdel, NJ, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078089890"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5183,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":231,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68053285,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"9","first_page":"1316","last_page":"1323"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12564","display_name":"Sensor Technology and Measurement Systems","score":0.9832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delta-sigma-modulation","display_name":"Delta-sigma modulation","score":0.9097597599029541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/breadboard","display_name":"Breadboard","score":0.753829836845398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantization","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","score":0.7046182155609131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delta-modulation","display_name":"Delta modulation","score":0.6962428092956543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise-shaping","display_name":"Noise shaping","score":0.6547641158103943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.5107243061065674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analog-transmission","display_name":"Analog transmission","score":0.5023610591888428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplitude","display_name":"Amplitude","score":0.49220696091651917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oversampling","display_name":"Oversampling","score":0.4894784688949585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.48558706045150757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.45959553122520447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplitude-modulation","display_name":"Amplitude modulation","score":0.45821139216423035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.42122581601142883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-modulation","display_name":"Frequency modulation","score":0.40066736936569214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3576667904853821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3391907811164856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-amplitude-modulation","display_name":"Pulse-amplitude modulation","score":0.31969940662384033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analog-signal","display_name":"Analog signal","score":0.31020137667655945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.2018716037273407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.19871315360069275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signal-processing","display_name":"Digital signal processing","score":0.18535852432250977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.16474533081054688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1605844795703888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1549784243106842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.11925551295280457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.0779157280921936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.07256978750228882}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68754193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184820","display_name":"Delta-sigma modulation","level":3,"score":0.9097597599029541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14116294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174334","display_name":"Breadboard","level":2,"score":0.753829836845398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.7046182155609131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110558960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163461","display_name":"Delta modulation","level":5,"score":0.6962428092956543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9083635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2133535","display_name":"Noise shaping","level":2,"score":0.6547641158103943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.5107243061065674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22676131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4751065","display_name":"Analog transmission","level":4,"score":0.5023610591888428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.49220696091651917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197323446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331222","display_name":"Oversampling","level":3,"score":0.4894784688949585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.48558706045150757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.45959553122520447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201905106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183755","display_name":"Amplitude modulation","level":4,"score":0.45821139216423035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.42122581601142883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11930861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181417","display_name":"Frequency modulation","level":3,"score":0.40066736936569214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3576667904853821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3391907811164856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20518276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186130","display_name":"Pulse-amplitude modulation","level":4,"score":0.31969940662384033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13412647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174948","display_name":"Analog signal","level":3,"score":0.31020137667655945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.2018716037273407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.19871315360069275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84462506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173142","display_name":"Digital signal processing","level":2,"score":0.18535852432250977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.16474533081054688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1605844795703888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1549784243106842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.11925551295280457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.0779157280921936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.07256978750228882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780167933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1550652","display_name":"Pulse (music)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcom.1981.1095151","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcom.1981.1095151","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170832","display_name":"IRE Transactions on Communications Systems","issn_l":"0096-2244","issn":["0096-2244","2162-2132"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1992689425","https://openalex.org/W2001019064","https://openalex.org/W2054450414","https://openalex.org/W2088147064","https://openalex.org/W2113178401","https://openalex.org/W2113779840","https://openalex.org/W2162944888"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1760362425","https://openalex.org/W4386186781","https://openalex.org/W1515076927","https://openalex.org/W4386935701","https://openalex.org/W3039717478","https://openalex.org/W4293335338","https://openalex.org/W2087910249","https://openalex.org/W1976332733","https://openalex.org/W1510108355","https://openalex.org/W1532059220"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"When":[0],"the":[1,10,13,23,26,42,72],"sampling":[2],"rate":[3],"of":[4,12,25,41],"a":[5,52],"sigma-delta":[6,69],"modulator":[7],"far":[8],"exceeds":[9],"frequencies":[11],"input":[14,43],"signal,":[15],"its":[16,37],"modulation":[17,70],"noise":[18,35],"is":[19],"highly":[20],"correlated":[21],"with":[22,48],"amplitude":[24],"input.":[27],"We":[28],"derive":[29],"simple":[30],"algebraic":[31],"expressions":[32],"for":[33,60,71],"this":[34],"and":[36],"spectrum":[38],"in":[39],"terms":[40],"amplitude.":[44],"The":[45],"results":[46],"agree":[47],"measurements":[49],"taken":[50],"on":[51],"breadboard":[53],"circuit.":[54],"This":[55],"work":[56],"can":[57],"be":[58],"useful":[59],"designing":[61],"oversampled":[62],"analog":[63],"to":[64],"digital":[65],"converters":[66],"that":[67],"use":[68],"primary":[73],"conversion.":[74]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
