{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2102025071","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcom.1976.1093314","title":"Optical Pulse Formats for Fiber Optic Digital Communications","display_name":"Optical Pulse Formats for Fiber Optic Digital Communications","publication_year":1976,"publication_date":"1976-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2102025071","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcom.1976.1093314","mag":"2102025071"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcom.1976.1093314","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcom.1976.1093314","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170832","display_name":"IRE Transactions on Communications Systems","issn_l":"0096-2244","issn":["0096-2244","2162-2132"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111348365","display_name":"Y. Takasaki","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65143321","display_name":"Hitachi (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/02exqgm79","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65143321"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Y. Takasaki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Central Research Laboratory, Hitachi and Limited, Tokyo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Central Research Laboratory, Hitachi and Limited, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65143321"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113632854","display_name":"M. Tanaka","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65143321","display_name":"Hitachi (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/02exqgm79","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65143321"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Tanaka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Central Research Laboratory, Hitachi and Limited, Tokyo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Central Research Laboratory, Hitachi and Limited, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65143321"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111483227","display_name":"N. Maeda","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65143321","display_name":"Hitachi (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/02exqgm79","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65143321"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Maeda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Central Research Laboratory, Hitachi and Limited, Tokyo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Central Research Laboratory, Hitachi and Limited, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65143321"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111754327","display_name":"K. Yamashita","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65143321","display_name":"Hitachi (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/02exqgm79","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65143321"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Yamashita","raw_affiliation_strings":["Central Research Laboratory, Hitachi and Limited, Tokyo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Central Research Laboratory, Hitachi and Limited, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65143321"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027708742","display_name":"K. Nagano","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65143321","display_name":"Hitachi (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/02exqgm79","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65143321"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Nagano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Central Research Laboratory, Hitachi and Limited, Tokyo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Central Research Laboratory, Hitachi and Limited, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65143321"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111348365"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65143321"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.4747,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":77,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98414137,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"4","first_page":"404","last_page":"413"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11429","display_name":"Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/repeater","display_name":"Repeater (horology)","score":0.7677109241485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6705661416053772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-fiber","display_name":"Optical fiber","score":0.5949877500534058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4885633885860443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.4624019265174866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-communications-repeater","display_name":"Optical communications repeater","score":0.45203956961631775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-communication","display_name":"Optical communication","score":0.42575889825820923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/megabit","display_name":"Megabit","score":0.4246619939804077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse","display_name":"Pulse (music)","score":0.424348384141922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equalization","display_name":"Equalization (audio)","score":0.4169781804084778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fiber-optic-splitter","display_name":"Fiber optic splitter","score":0.40095001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3829803466796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fiber-optic-sensor","display_name":"Fiber optic sensor","score":0.21936282515525818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1900118589401245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.17261022329330444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.16072964668273926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.0813242495059967}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195545963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469803","display_name":"Repeater (horology)","level":3,"score":0.7677109241485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6705661416053772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194232370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162","display_name":"Optical fiber","level":2,"score":0.5949877500534058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4885633885860443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.4624019265174866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3866505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3935725","display_name":"Optical communications repeater","level":5,"score":0.45203956961631775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129404179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469765","display_name":"Optical communication","level":2,"score":0.42575889825820923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185177783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3332814","display_name":"Megabit","level":2,"score":0.4246619939804077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780167933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1550652","display_name":"Pulse (music)","level":3,"score":0.424348384141922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75755367","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104531076","display_name":"Equalization (audio)","level":3,"score":0.4169781804084778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146199129","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5446365","display_name":"Fiber optic splitter","level":4,"score":0.40095001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3829803466796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21651689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1397427","display_name":"Fiber optic sensor","level":3,"score":0.21936282515525818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1900118589401245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.17261022329330444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.16072964668273926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.0813242495059967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcom.1976.1093314","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcom.1976.1093314","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170832","display_name":"IRE Transactions on Communications Systems","issn_l":"0096-2244","issn":["0096-2244","2162-2132"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1976688768","https://openalex.org/W2003980039","https://openalex.org/W2086993486","https://openalex.org/W2100320937","https://openalex.org/W2123655762","https://openalex.org/W2171951645","https://openalex.org/W2296493543","https://openalex.org/W3026645327"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2154257663","https://openalex.org/W2547989610","https://openalex.org/W2006871837","https://openalex.org/W2086179336","https://openalex.org/W1990468064","https://openalex.org/W2364034372","https://openalex.org/W2092242936","https://openalex.org/W2347479467","https://openalex.org/W2570112912","https://openalex.org/W1972937766"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Some":[0],"new":[1,87],"optical":[2,32,38,61,162],"pulse":[3,17,62,82,163],"formats":[4,18,101],"are":[5],"investigated":[6],"for":[7,57,68,112],"solving":[8],"practical":[9],"problems":[10],"in":[11],"fiber":[12,70,74,113,120],"optic":[13,114],"communication":[14],"systems.":[15],"These":[16],"provide":[19],"many":[20],"advantageous":[21,158],"features":[22,159],"such":[23],"as":[24],"error":[25],"monitoring":[26],"capability,":[27],"abundant":[28],"timing":[29],"information,":[30],"uniform":[31],"power":[33],"utilization,":[34],"stable":[35],"detection":[36],"of":[37,49,59,89,106,132,138,160],"input,":[39],"and":[40,76,109,152],"so":[41],"forth.":[42],"It":[43],"is":[44,84,143],"shown":[45,144],"that":[46,67],"a":[47,124],"modification":[48],"Personick's":[50],"receiver":[51],"design":[52],"theory":[53],"can":[54],"be":[55,146],"used":[56],"comparison":[58,65],"various":[60],"formats.":[63,164],"The":[64],"suggests":[66],"state-of-the-art":[69],"systems":[71],"with":[72,129],"moderate":[73,77],"loss":[75],"repeater":[78,127],"spacing,":[79],"where":[80],"no":[81],"equalization":[83],"required,":[85],"some":[86,157],"classes":[88],"1":[90],"binary":[91,96],"digit":[92],"converted":[93],"to":[94,145],"2":[95],"digits":[97],"(1B2B)":[98],"or":[99],"2B3B":[100],"will":[102],"permit":[103,123],"the":[104,130,139],"realization":[105],"very":[107,125,147],"simple":[108],"reliable":[110],"repeaters":[111],"digital":[115],"transmission.":[116],"A":[117],"future":[118],"low-loss":[119],"system":[121],"may":[122],"long":[126],"spacing":[128],"help":[131],"equalization.":[133],"In":[134],"this":[135],"case,":[136],"application":[137],"correlative":[140],"signal-processing":[141],"technique":[142],"promising.":[148],"Experimental":[149],"6.3":[150],"Mbit/s":[151,154],"100":[153],"transmissions":[155],"demonstrate":[156],"these":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
