{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3132657253","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcns.2021.3058869","title":"Consensus-Based Stochastic Control for Model-Free Cell Balancing","display_name":"Consensus-Based Stochastic Control for Model-Free Cell Balancing","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3132657253","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcns.2021.3058869","mag":"3132657253"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcns.2021.3058869","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcns.2021.3058869","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2502544478","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems","issn_l":"2325-5870","issn":["2325-5870","2372-2533"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020882454","display_name":"Ilai Bistritz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4120-8292"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ilai Bistritz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4120-8292","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002056995","display_name":"Nicholas Bambos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9250-4553"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas Bambos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9250-4553","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3719,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5820243,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"3","first_page":"1139","last_page":"1150"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11690","display_name":"Advanced battery technologies research","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7393498420715332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-balancing","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","score":0.5986673831939697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.5621346831321716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-of-charge","display_name":"State of charge","score":0.538159191608429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","score":0.483733206987381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.43600142002105713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.4240923821926117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3592429757118225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.34068503975868225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10531345009803772}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7393498420715332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138959212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806783","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","level":3,"score":0.5986673831939697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5621346831321716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776582896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5368536","display_name":"State of charge","level":4,"score":0.538159191608429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.483733206987381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.43600142002105713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4240923821926117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3592429757118225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.34068503975868225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10531345009803772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcns.2021.3058869","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcns.2021.3058869","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2502544478","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems","issn_l":"2325-5870","issn":["2325-5870","2372-2533"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306406","display_name":"Koret Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/02efnsc68"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308507","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1100618067","https://openalex.org/W1543628076","https://openalex.org/W1577337550","https://openalex.org/W1968827150","https://openalex.org/W1977520209","https://openalex.org/W1982003640","https://openalex.org/W1994186360","https://openalex.org/W2001765467","https://openalex.org/W2003067801","https://openalex.org/W2038896449","https://openalex.org/W2055373554","https://openalex.org/W2060558956","https://openalex.org/W2061452490","https://openalex.org/W2084044206","https://openalex.org/W2096349456","https://openalex.org/W2098841048","https://openalex.org/W2102885431","https://openalex.org/W2103964798","https://openalex.org/W2107396783","https://openalex.org/W2109025235","https://openalex.org/W2126663084","https://openalex.org/W2128790263","https://openalex.org/W2130648933","https://openalex.org/W2133683385","https://openalex.org/W2150261447","https://openalex.org/W2150740444","https://openalex.org/W2160643434","https://openalex.org/W2167503549","https://openalex.org/W2200283474","https://openalex.org/W2290600886","https://openalex.org/W2344174278","https://openalex.org/W2417460170","https://openalex.org/W2482463436","https://openalex.org/W2523623329","https://openalex.org/W2524517308","https://openalex.org/W2566906344","https://openalex.org/W2588506538","https://openalex.org/W2590904911","https://openalex.org/W2605259433","https://openalex.org/W2741206479","https://openalex.org/W2742416981","https://openalex.org/W2751767600","https://openalex.org/W2767615536","https://openalex.org/W2793923459","https://openalex.org/W2803763083","https://openalex.org/W2889380984","https://openalex.org/W2954575520","https://openalex.org/W2962851675","https://openalex.org/W2963402540","https://openalex.org/W2965197464","https://openalex.org/W2965258345","https://openalex.org/W2966307405","https://openalex.org/W3016918359","https://openalex.org/W4229706427","https://openalex.org/W6634429821","https://openalex.org/W6642671029","https://openalex.org/W6765066604"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1562159987","https://openalex.org/W2004734718","https://openalex.org/W3190332208","https://openalex.org/W4388623464","https://openalex.org/W3126531014","https://openalex.org/W2098124661","https://openalex.org/W2519883542","https://openalex.org/W3006423619","https://openalex.org/W3195056770","https://openalex.org/W4385625847"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Balancing":[0],"the":[1,7,11,14,17,21,68,72,98,121,131,140,149,166],"state":[2],"of":[3,6,16,20,43,67,71,100,124,130,168],"charge":[4],"(SOC)":[5],"cells":[8,102],"improves":[9],"both":[10],"capacity":[12],"and":[13,47,164,179],"health":[15],"battery.":[18,73],"State":[19],"art":[22],"cell":[23,58,173,188],"balancing":[24,59,87,145,174,189],"algorithms":[25],"assume":[26,64],"highly":[27],"accurate":[28],"SOC":[29,79,99,110],"estimation":[30],"which":[31],"can":[32],"only":[33,77],"be":[34],"achieved":[35],"using":[36],"model-based":[37],"control":[38],"solutions.":[39],"Unfortunately,":[40],"electrochemical":[41,69],"models":[42],"batteries":[44],"are":[45,48],"complicated":[46],"still":[49],"not":[50,63],"reliable":[51],"enough.":[52],"We":[53,118,134],"propose":[54],"a":[55,113,128,182],"simple":[56],"consensus-based":[57],"algorithm":[60,76,96,126],"that":[61,94,159],"does":[62],"any":[65],"knowledge":[66],"model":[70],"Instead,":[74],"our":[75,95,125,161,169],"uses":[78],"estimates":[80,111],"from":[81],"online":[82],"measurements":[83],"to":[84,177],"make":[85],"sequential":[86],"decisions.":[88],"Using":[89],"martingale":[90],"techniques,":[91],"we":[92,156],"prove":[93,136],"equalizes":[97],"all":[101],"with":[103,107],"probability":[104],"1":[105],"even":[106],"very":[108],"noisy":[109],"under":[112],"general":[114],"non-i.i.d.":[115],"noise":[116],"model.":[117],"then":[119],"analyze":[120],"convergence":[122],"time":[123],"as":[127],"function":[129],"problem":[132],"parameters.":[133],"also":[135],"performance":[137],"guarantees":[138],"for":[139],"more":[141],"challenging":[142],"case":[143],"where":[144],"is":[146,151,175,181],"done":[147],"while":[148],"battery":[150],"charging":[152],"or":[153],"discharging.":[154],"Finally,":[155],"present":[157],"simulations":[158],"support":[160],"theoretical":[162],"claims":[163],"show":[165],"reliability":[167],"algorithm.":[170],"Our":[171],"model-free":[172],"easy":[176],"implement":[178],"therefore":[180],"major":[183],"step":[184],"towards":[185],"making":[186],"active":[187],"practical.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
