{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2344316247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tciaig.2015.2494599","title":"Creating Affective Autonomous Characters Using Planning in Partially Observable Stochastic Domains","display_name":"Creating Affective Autonomous Characters Using Planning in Partially Observable Stochastic Domains","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2344316247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tciaig.2015.2494599","mag":"2344316247"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tciaig.2015.2494599","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tciaig.2015.2494599","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179349","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games","issn_l":"1943-068X","issn":["1943-068X","1943-0698"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103161310","display_name":"Xiangyang Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8910-2200"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96852419","display_name":"Capital Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/005edt527","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangyang Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Engineering, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Engineering, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078758349","display_name":"Shudong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7721-0167"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96852419","display_name":"Capital Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/005edt527","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shudong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Engineering, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Engineering, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101924785","display_name":"Yuanyuan Shang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1786-6487"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96852419","display_name":"Capital Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/005edt527","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanyuan Shang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Engineering, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Engineering, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101447392","display_name":"Weigong Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96852419","display_name":"Capital Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/005edt527","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weigong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Engineering, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Engineering, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100731156","display_name":"Jie Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5953-4566"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96852419","display_name":"Capital Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/005edt527","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Engineering, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Engineering, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.13129706,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":"42","last_page":"62"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.9853000044822693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.9666000008583069,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.724671483039856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7166728973388672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partially-observable-markov-decision-process","display_name":"Partially observable Markov decision process","score":0.6913502216339111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4968765079975128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.49169498682022095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4585726857185364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.43667715787887573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observable","display_name":"Observable","score":0.4362882375717163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.43516790866851807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3577914237976074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.33376210927963257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.3329910635948181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-model","display_name":"Markov model","score":0.2776690125465393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13879543542861938}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.724671483039856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7166728973388672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17098449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176814","display_name":"Partially observable Markov decision process","level":4,"score":0.6913502216339111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4968765079975128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.49169498682022095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4585726857185364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.43667715787887573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32848918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845789","display_name":"Observable","level":2,"score":0.4362882375717163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.43516790866851807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3577914237976074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.33376210927963257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.3329910635948181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163836022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6771326","display_name":"Markov model","level":3,"score":0.2776690125465393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13879543542861938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tciaig.2015.2494599","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tciaig.2015.2494599","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179349","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games","issn_l":"1943-068X","issn":["1943-068X","1943-0698"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8199999928474426}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1678594665","display_name":"SEU\u6545\u969c\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ea7\u5bb9\u9519\u52a0\u56fa\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61472260","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4922700059","display_name":"\u53ef\u52a8\u6001\u91cd\u6784\u7684\u9ad8\u53ef\u9760\u5d4c\u5165\u5f0f\u7cfb\u7edf\u603b\u7ebf\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61170009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7545516799","display_name":"\u8bed\u4e49Web\u4e2d\u5178\u578b\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u672c\u4f53\u8868\u793a\u548c\u878d\u5408\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61371194","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7615624603","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4152012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":90,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W58467775","https://openalex.org/W99755553","https://openalex.org/W111071380","https://openalex.org/W174743673","https://openalex.org/W263876593","https://openalex.org/W1484113995","https://openalex.org/W1494300616","https://openalex.org/W1510976252","https://openalex.org/W1530027892","https://openalex.org/W1542811167","https://openalex.org/W1543088570","https://openalex.org/W1552631596","https://openalex.org/W1556674294","https://openalex.org/W1557191966","https://openalex.org/W1559672525","https://openalex.org/W1600101713","https://openalex.org/W1605236966","https://openalex.org/W1653541870","https://openalex.org/W1777859530","https://openalex.org/W1966797434","https://openalex.org/W1967294943","https://openalex.org/W1977137834","https://openalex.org/W1982542138","https://openalex.org/W1993584577","https://openalex.org/W2001233357","https://openalex.org/W2007857631","https://openalex.org/W2008403281","https://openalex.org/W2010780110","https://openalex.org/W2019529004","https://openalex.org/W2021629288","https://openalex.org/W2024930196","https://openalex.org/W2025799736","https://openalex.org/W2027351853","https://openalex.org/W2027693172","https://openalex.org/W2037790799","https://openalex.org/W2038089528","https://openalex.org/W2039280449","https://openalex.org/W2039600194","https://openalex.org/W2055921164","https://openalex.org/W2066239411","https://openalex.org/W2068829386","https://openalex.org/W2079006378","https://openalex.org/W2088956500","https://openalex.org/W2089274565","https://openalex.org/W2092890259","https://openalex.org/W2095103538","https://openalex.org/W2098053732","https://openalex.org/W2099283244","https://openalex.org/W2104549105","https://openalex.org/W2104674963","https://openalex.org/W2111979596","https://openalex.org/W2119304933","https://openalex.org/W2122977642","https://openalex.org/W2125408844","https://openalex.org/W2129411485","https://openalex.org/W2143435361","https://openalex.org/W2144913588","https://openalex.org/W2146799102","https://openalex.org/W2149551746","https://openalex.org/W2150134653","https://openalex.org/W2153425907","https://openalex.org/W2164231699","https://openalex.org/W2168359464","https://openalex.org/W2271240761","https://openalex.org/W2294185035","https://openalex.org/W2397929380","https://openalex.org/W2485206924","https://openalex.org/W2498301139","https://openalex.org/W2505455801","https://openalex.org/W2543366982","https://openalex.org/W2555835184","https://openalex.org/W2572356262","https://openalex.org/W2900790966","https://openalex.org/W2939330635","https://openalex.org/W4230277160","https://openalex.org/W4232379769","https://openalex.org/W4252727358","https://openalex.org/W4298273913","https://openalex.org/W4388252364","https://openalex.org/W6604062724","https://openalex.org/W6604526728","https://openalex.org/W6607994660","https://openalex.org/W6609809299","https://openalex.org/W6630705968","https://openalex.org/W6633062692","https://openalex.org/W6633337381","https://openalex.org/W6636048065","https://openalex.org/W6636916041","https://openalex.org/W6712165737","https://openalex.org/W7064871257"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2999848267","https://openalex.org/W2096013579","https://openalex.org/W52153049","https://openalex.org/W1760611253","https://openalex.org/W1515117609","https://openalex.org/W1589140671","https://openalex.org/W4323315247","https://openalex.org/W131709709","https://openalex.org/W2294884454","https://openalex.org/W3169161914"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,125],"ability":[1],"to":[2,7,33,139,144],"reason":[3],"about":[4,91],"and":[5,44,48,74,108,148],"respond":[6],"their":[8],"own":[9],"emotional":[10,95],"states":[11,96],"can":[12,113,136],"enhance":[13],"the":[14,54,64,92,120,133],"believability":[15],"of":[16,56,66,94,123,127],"Non-Player":[17],"Characters":[18],"(NPCs).":[19],"In":[20],"this":[21],"paper,":[22],"we":[23],"use":[24],"a":[25],"Partially":[26],"Observable":[27],"Markov":[28],"Decision":[29],"Process":[30],"(POMDP)-based":[31],"framework":[32],"model":[34,135],"emotion":[35,78],"over":[36],"time.":[37],"A":[38],"two-level":[39],"appraisal":[40,73],"model,":[41],"involving":[42],"quick":[43],"reactive":[45,105],"vs.":[46],"slow":[47],"deliberate":[49,110],"appraisals,":[50],"is":[51,69],"proposed":[52,134],"for":[53,77,89],"creation":[55],"affective":[57],"autonomous":[58],"characters":[59,141],"based":[60,97],"on":[61,98],"POMDPs,":[62],"wherein":[63],"probability":[65],"goal":[67],"satisfaction":[68],"used":[70,138],"in":[71],"an":[72,128],"reappraisal":[75],"process":[76],"generation.":[79],"We":[80],"not":[81],"only":[82],"extend":[83],"Probabilistic":[84],"Computation":[85],"Tree":[86],"Logic":[87],"(PCTL)":[88],"reasoning":[90],"properties":[93],"POMDPs":[99],"but":[100],"also":[101],"illustrate":[102],"how":[103],"four":[104],"(primary)":[106],"emotions":[107,112],"nine":[109],"(secondary)":[111],"be":[114,137,145],"derived":[115],"by":[116],"combining":[117],"PCTL":[118],"with":[119],"belief-desire":[121],"theory":[122],"emotion.":[124],"results":[126],"empirical":[129],"study":[130],"suggest":[131],"that":[132,142],"create":[140],"appear":[143],"more":[146,149],"believable":[147],"intelligent.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}