{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4381801370","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tci.2023.3288335","title":"Depth Estimation and Image Restoration by Deep Learning From Defocused Images","display_name":"Depth Estimation and Image Restoration by Deep Learning From Defocused Images","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4381801370","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tci.2023.3288335"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tci.2023.3288335","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tci.2023.3288335","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6745852/6960042/10158786.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210233665","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Imaging","issn_l":"2333-9403","issn":["2333-9403","2573-0436"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6745852/6960042/10158786.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071110323","display_name":"Saqib Nazir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0098-1868"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61641377","display_name":"Universitatea Na\u021bional\u0103 de \u0218tiin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i Tehnologie Politehnica Bucure\u0219ti","ror":"https://ror.org/0558j5q12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Saqib Nazir","raw_affiliation_strings":["CEOSpaceTech, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest (UPB), Bucharest, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0098-1868","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CEOSpaceTech, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest (UPB), Bucharest, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039878198","display_name":"Lorenzo Vaquero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1874-3078"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200284239","display_name":"Universidade de Santiago de Compostela","ror":"https://ror.org/030eybx10","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200284239"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111807","display_name":"Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/0280bnq76","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111807"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lorenzo Vaquero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro Singular de Investigación en Tecnoloxías Intelixentes (CiTIUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1874-3078","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro Singular de Investigación en Tecnoloxías Intelixentes (CiTIUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111807","https://openalex.org/I200284239"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057742985","display_name":"Manuel Mucientes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1735-3585"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200284239","display_name":"Universidade de Santiago de Compostela","ror":"https://ror.org/030eybx10","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200284239"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111807","display_name":"Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/0280bnq76","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111807"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manuel Mucientes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro Singular de Investigación en Tecnoloxías Intelixentes (CiTIUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1735-3585","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro Singular de Investigación en Tecnoloxías Intelixentes (CiTIUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111807","https://openalex.org/I200284239"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077550469","display_name":"V.M. Brea","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0078-0425"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200284239","display_name":"Universidade de Santiago de Compostela","ror":"https://ror.org/030eybx10","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200284239"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111807","display_name":"Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/0280bnq76","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111807"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V\u00edctor M. Brea","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro Singular de Investigación en Tecnoloxías Intelixentes (CiTIUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0078-0425","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro Singular de Investigación en Tecnoloxías Intelixentes (CiTIUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111807","https://openalex.org/I200284239"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019825441","display_name":"Daniela Col\u0163uc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0237-7878"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61641377","display_name":"Universitatea Na\u021bional\u0103 de \u0218tiin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i Tehnologie Politehnica Bucure\u0219ti","ror":"https://ror.org/0558j5q12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniela Coltuc","raw_affiliation_strings":["CEOSpaceTech, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest (UPB), Bucharest, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0237-7878","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CEOSpaceTech, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest (UPB), Bucharest, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071110323"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.9667,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95774105,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"607","last_page":"619"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deblurring","display_name":"Deblurring","score":0.99177485704422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7931681871414185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-restoration","display_name":"Image restoration","score":0.6817811727523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6787548065185547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6785289645195007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.566581130027771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5649621486663818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5544167160987854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5249661803245544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depth-of-field","display_name":"Depth of field","score":0.5200650095939636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monocular","display_name":"Monocular","score":0.4200637638568878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-photography","display_name":"Computational photography","score":0.41008177399635315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.3827664852142334}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777693668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25053743","display_name":"Deblurring","level":5,"score":0.99177485704422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7931681871414185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106430172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6002272","display_name":"Image restoration","level":4,"score":0.6817811727523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6787548065185547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6785289645195007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.566581130027771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5649621486663818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5544167160987854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5249661803245544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183072630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215932","display_name":"Depth of field","level":2,"score":0.5200650095939636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65909025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1945033","display_name":"Monocular","level":2,"score":0.4200637638568878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146044194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157334","display_name":"Computational photography","level":4,"score":0.41008177399635315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.3827664852142334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tci.2023.3288335","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tci.2023.3288335","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6745852/6960042/10158786.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210233665","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Imaging","issn_l":"2333-9403","issn":["2333-9403","2573-0436"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tci.2023.3288335","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tci.2023.3288335","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6745852/6960042/10158786.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210233665","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Imaging","issn_l":"2333-9403","issn":["2333-9403","2573-0436"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.7400000095367432,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3694284866","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ED431C","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4499495964","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"860370","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4899630703","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2020-112623GB-I00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5805502524","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6589649124","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2020-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G936197553","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ED431G 2019/04","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/034900433"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323983","display_name":"Unitatea Executiva pentru Finantarea Invatamantului Superior, a Cercetarii, Dezvoltarii si Inovarii","ror":"https://ror.org/01q7jq182"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4381801370.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4381801370.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1976514650","https://openalex.org/W2083047701","https://openalex.org/W2126926806","https://openalex.org/W2132947399","https://openalex.org/W2263468737","https://openalex.org/W2508457857","https://openalex.org/W2520707372","https://openalex.org/W2560533888","https://openalex.org/W2606702283","https://openalex.org/W2613155248","https://openalex.org/W2624871570","https://openalex.org/W2793286375","https://openalex.org/W2889976030","https://openalex.org/W2890648914","https://openalex.org/W2891437844","https://openalex.org/W2892161352","https://openalex.org/W2913340405","https://openalex.org/W2944477127","https://openalex.org/W2951234442","https://openalex.org/W2961343177","https://openalex.org/W2962741876","https://openalex.org/W2963312584","https://openalex.org/W2963372104","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963488291","https://openalex.org/W2963591054","https://openalex.org/W2963911235","https://openalex.org/W2964030969","https://openalex.org/W2969717429","https://openalex.org/W2985775862","https://openalex.org/W2991172647","https://openalex.org/W3001931493","https://openalex.org/W3016239196","https://openalex.org/W3024382315","https://openalex.org/W3035563424","https://openalex.org/W3081108418","https://openalex.org/W3087549734","https://openalex.org/W3089762353","https://openalex.org/W3109494165","https://openalex.org/W3120017898","https://openalex.org/W3129084394","https://openalex.org/W3172689673","https://openalex.org/W3174970555","https://openalex.org/W3175063288","https://openalex.org/W3175200587","https://openalex.org/W3175448204","https://openalex.org/W3207606154","https://openalex.org/W3211538029","https://openalex.org/W3215888920","https://openalex.org/W4226424776","https://openalex.org/W4226453196","https://openalex.org/W4247043502","https://openalex.org/W4308237014","https://openalex.org/W6685261749","https://openalex.org/W6739365718","https://openalex.org/W6783292247","https://openalex.org/W6811302106","https://openalex.org/W6840367536"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2031788393","https://openalex.org/W791927757","https://openalex.org/W2182590612","https://openalex.org/W2905397092","https://openalex.org/W3153582293","https://openalex.org/W2269775642","https://openalex.org/W3080537281","https://openalex.org/W2289746762","https://openalex.org/W2359633702","https://openalex.org/W2140617750"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Monocular":[0],"depth":[1,55,68,116,136,170,214],"estimation":[2,56,69,137,215],"and":[3,57,70,120,138,147,185,192,216],"image":[4,30,58,77,125,139,217],"deblurring":[5,140,161],"are":[6],"two":[7,107,180],"fundamental":[8],"tasks":[9,50],"in":[10,17,38,51,109,141],"computer":[11,52],"vision,":[12,53],"given":[13],"their":[14],"crucial":[15],"role":[16],"understanding":[18],"3D":[19],"scenes.":[20],"Performing":[21],"any":[22],"of":[23,41,73,88,209],"them":[24,93],"by":[25,105],"relying":[26],"on":[27,127,179,198],"a":[28,110,131,152,160],"single":[29],"is":[31],"an":[32],"ill-posed":[33],"problem.":[34],"The":[35,172],"recent":[36,98],"advances":[37],"the":[39,67,71,74,89,115,123,135,165,169,186,210],"field":[40],"Deep":[42],"Convolutional":[43],"Neural":[44],"Networks":[45],"(DNNs)":[46],"have":[47,201],"revolutionized":[48],"many":[49],"including":[54],"deblurring.":[59,218],"When":[60],"it":[61],"comes":[62],"to":[63,82,112,207],"using":[64],"defocused":[65],"images,":[66],"recovery":[72],"All-in-Focus":[75],"(Aif)":[76],"become":[78],"related":[79],"problems":[80,103],"due":[81],"defocus":[83,118],"physics.":[84],"Despite":[85],"this,":[86],"most":[87],"existing":[90],"models":[91,99,212],"treat":[92],"separately.":[94],"There":[95],"are,":[96],"however,":[97],"that":[100,133,163],"solve":[101],"these":[102,199],"simultaneously":[104],"concatenating":[106],"networks":[108,158],"sequence":[111],"first":[113],"estimate":[114],"or":[117,204],"map":[119],"then":[121],"reconstruct":[122],"focused":[124],"based":[126],"it.":[128],"We":[129],"propose":[130],"DNN":[132],"solves":[134],"parallel.":[142],"Our":[143],"Two-headed":[144],"Depth":[145,154],"Estimation":[146],"Deblurring":[148],"Network":[149],"(2HDED:NET)":[150],"extends":[151],"conventional":[153],"from":[155],"Defocus":[156],"(DFD)":[157],"with":[159,196],"branch":[162],"shares":[164],"same":[166],"encoder":[167],"as":[168],"branch.":[171],"proposed":[173],"method":[174],"has":[175],"been":[176],"successfully":[177],"tested":[178],"benchmarks,":[181],"one":[182],"for":[183,188,213],"indoor":[184],"other":[187],"outdoor":[189],"scenes:":[190],"NYU-v2":[191],"Make3D.":[193],"Extensive":[194],"experiments":[195],"2HDED:NET":[197],"benchmarks":[200],"demonstrated":[202],"superior":[203],"close":[205],"performances":[206],"those":[208],"state-of-the-art":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-09T15:46:55.921056","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}