{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3115492331","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tci.2020.3046189","title":"Rapid Whole Slide Imaging via Dual-Shot Deep Autofocusing","display_name":"Rapid Whole Slide Imaging via Dual-Shot Deep Autofocusing","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3115492331","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tci.2020.3046189","mag":"3115492331"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tci.2020.3046189","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tci.2020.3046189","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210233665","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Imaging","issn_l":"2333-9403","issn":["2333-9403","2334-0118","2573-0436"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100429955","display_name":"Qiang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2725-8963"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136793","display_name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03qdqbt06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China","School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2725-8963","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100654390","display_name":"Xianming Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8857-1785"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136793","display_name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03qdqbt06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianming Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China","School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8857-1785","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087165831","display_name":"Junjun Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5694-505X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136793","display_name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03qdqbt06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junjun Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China","School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5694-505X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032980171","display_name":"Cheng Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2598-9527"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Measurement Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Measurement Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024401174","display_name":"Xiangyang Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7333-9975"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangyang Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7333-9975","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101467562","display_name":"Xiaolin Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0103-5374"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98251732","display_name":"McMaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/02fa3aq29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"]}],"countries":["CA","CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolin Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada","School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0103-5374","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2479,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81910537,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"124","last_page":"136"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11897","display_name":"Digital Holography and Microscopy","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12859","display_name":"Cell Image Analysis Techniques","score":0.9896000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7289097905158997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7008756399154663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6454645395278931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.6307722330093384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focal-length","display_name":"Focal length","score":0.540463924407959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5126022696495056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autofocus","display_name":"Autofocus","score":0.5002496242523193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tile","display_name":"Tile","score":0.4933411180973053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4620942175388336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.24775204062461853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lens","display_name":"Lens (geology)","score":0.19402369856834412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.07952737808227539}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7289097905158997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7008756399154663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6454645395278931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.6307722330093384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82552819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193540","display_name":"Focal length","level":3,"score":0.540463924407959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5126022696495056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103764139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210008","display_name":"Autofocus","level":3,"score":0.5002496242523193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780728851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q468402","display_name":"Tile","level":2,"score":0.4933411180973053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4620942175388336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.24775204062461853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15336307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1766051","display_name":"Lens (geology)","level":2,"score":0.19402369856834412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07952737808227539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tci.2020.3046189","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tci.2020.3046189","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210233665","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Imaging","issn_l":"2333-9403","issn":["2333-9403","2334-0118","2573-0436"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5400000214576721}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1449094659","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61620106005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4779183083","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61827804","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6297762231","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61922027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7308511332","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019YFE0109600","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336026","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China Stem Cell and Translational Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336026","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China Stem Cell and Translational Research","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W244729084","https://openalex.org/W1502863503","https://openalex.org/W1550232475","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1969045037","https://openalex.org/W1974195684","https://openalex.org/W2038134596","https://openalex.org/W2048320148","https://openalex.org/W2050202882","https://openalex.org/W2092663246","https://openalex.org/W2099540110","https://openalex.org/W2117806618","https://openalex.org/W2126047962","https://openalex.org/W2131421679","https://openalex.org/W2139159280","https://openalex.org/W2179838071","https://openalex.org/W2474628748","https://openalex.org/W2614808277","https://openalex.org/W2735200838","https://openalex.org/W2788790154","https://openalex.org/W2790594255","https://openalex.org/W2895477542","https://openalex.org/W2897068067","https://openalex.org/W2909860570","https://openalex.org/W2944721402","https://openalex.org/W2948499658","https://openalex.org/W2956039874","https://openalex.org/W2963333659","https://openalex.org/W2964756323","https://openalex.org/W2989433233","https://openalex.org/W3001701558","https://openalex.org/W3099844944","https://openalex.org/W3101955699","https://openalex.org/W3102521378","https://openalex.org/W3105158212","https://openalex.org/W3106135392","https://openalex.org/W6632869275","https://openalex.org/W6639824700","https://openalex.org/W6673406891","https://openalex.org/W6755683601","https://openalex.org/W6762584509","https://openalex.org/W6785368173"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2811488463","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W4321369474","https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W4200173597","https://openalex.org/W2016648070","https://openalex.org/W3116150086","https://openalex.org/W2999805992","https://openalex.org/W3174546380"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Whole":[0],"slide":[1],"imaging":[2],"(WSI)":[3],"is":[4],"an":[5],"emerging":[6],"technology":[7],"for":[8,19,35,55,89],"digital":[9],"pathology.":[10],"The":[11,111,132],"accuracy":[12],"and":[13,157],"speed":[14],"of":[15,22,32,38,92,101,115,120,123,128,141,177],"autofocusing":[16,34,57,69],"are":[17],"critical":[18],"the":[20,23,41,93,118,124,159,174,178],"performance":[21],"WSI":[24],"system.":[25],"This":[26,67],"paper":[27],"introduces":[28],"a":[29,45,50,99],"novel":[30,112],"technique":[31],"deep":[33,51,68],"WSI.":[36],"Instead":[37],"mechanically":[39],"adjusting":[40],"focal":[42,80,109,130,155],"distance":[43,156],"on":[44],"tile-by-tile":[46],"basis,":[47],"we":[48],"develop":[49],"convolutional":[52],"neural":[53],"network":[54,70],"tile-wise":[56],"to":[58,87],"generate":[59],"in-focus":[60],"images":[61,76,127],"from":[62],"tentative":[63],"possibly":[64],"defocused":[65],"images.":[66],"(DAFNet)":[71],"works":[72],"with":[73,107],"only":[74],"two":[75,125],"taken":[77],"at":[78],"different":[79,129],"distances;":[81],"in":[82,154],"contrast,":[83],"traditional":[84],"methods":[85],"need":[86],"take,":[88],"each":[90],"tile":[91],"target":[94],"ultra":[95],"high-resolution":[96],"pathology":[97],"image,":[98],"stack":[100],"as":[102,104],"many":[103],"21":[105],"shots":[106],"varying":[108],"distances.":[110,131],"architecture":[113],"design":[114],"DAFNet":[116,150,179],"facilitates":[117],"fusion":[119],"complementary":[121],"information":[122],"input":[126],"proposed":[133],"off-line":[134],"reconstruction":[135],"strategy":[136],"allows":[137],"high":[138],"throughput":[139],"scanning":[140],"sample":[142],"slides":[143],"done":[144],"without":[145],"compromising":[146],"image":[147],"quality,":[148],"because":[149],"can":[151],"rectify":[152],"errors":[153],"bring":[158],"scanned":[160],"tiles":[161],"back":[162],"into":[163],"focus":[164],"by":[165],"learnt":[166],"non-linear":[167],"dual-input":[168],"blur-to-sharp":[169],"mapping.":[170],"Experimental":[171],"results":[172],"demonstrate":[173],"refocusing":[175],"capability":[176],"method.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}