{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3108618593","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tci.2020.3039564","title":"Towards Reducing Severe Defocus Spread Effects for Multi-Focus Image Fusion via an Optimization Based Strategy","display_name":"Towards Reducing Severe Defocus Spread Effects for Multi-Focus Image Fusion via an Optimization Based Strategy","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3108618593","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tci.2020.3039564","mag":"3108618593"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tci.2020.3039564","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tci.2020.3039564","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210233665","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Imaging","issn_l":"2333-9403","issn":["2333-9403","2573-0436"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.14678","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004363895","display_name":"Shuang Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3576-6914"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shuang Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042715447","display_name":"Lizhen Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3347-0477"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lizhen Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100407664","display_name":"Zhe Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1412-8980"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhe Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100339773","display_name":"Pengfei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1173-5654"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengfei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universal Text group, the Department of Intelligent Traffic, Hikvision, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universal Text group, the Department of Intelligent Traffic, Hikvision, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066580707","display_name":"Kai Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9482-470X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100749933","display_name":"Chunxia Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9639-4507"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunxia Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024880206","display_name":"Jiangshe Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8395-1180"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiangshe Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004363895"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.7727,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":49,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95541157,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"1561","last_page":"1570"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-fusion","display_name":"Image fusion","score":0.7124285697937012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6187032461166382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5997830033302307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5639687776565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5630084276199341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.4446796774864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.44443055987358093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.4226689338684082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-restoration","display_name":"Image restoration","score":0.4207608997821808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.12805607914924622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09925785660743713}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69744172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860822","display_name":"Image fusion","level":3,"score":0.7124285697937012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6187032461166382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5997830033302307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5639687776565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5630084276199341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.4446796774864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.44443055987358093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.4226689338684082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106430172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6002272","display_name":"Image restoration","level":4,"score":0.4207608997821808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.12805607914924622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09925785660743713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tci.2020.3039564","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tci.2020.3039564","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210233665","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Imaging","issn_l":"2333-9403","issn":["2333-9403","2573-0436"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2012.14678","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2012.14678","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.14678","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2012.14678","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2012.14678","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.14678","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2247690355","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"11671317","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8779856710","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61976174","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1580436348","https://openalex.org/W1980382026","https://openalex.org/W1994616697","https://openalex.org/W1994714721","https://openalex.org/W1997480692","https://openalex.org/W2025133197","https://openalex.org/W2056346283","https://openalex.org/W2091484864","https://openalex.org/W2116702374","https://openalex.org/W2125188192","https://openalex.org/W2129812935","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2141983208","https://openalex.org/W2146353910","https://openalex.org/W2163398148","https://openalex.org/W2168783614","https://openalex.org/W2522703671","https://openalex.org/W2532801510","https://openalex.org/W2559870345","https://openalex.org/W2624240493","https://openalex.org/W2746839867","https://openalex.org/W2776574544","https://openalex.org/W2905307044","https://openalex.org/W2913271495","https://openalex.org/W2914600502","https://openalex.org/W2929873672","https://openalex.org/W2941380944","https://openalex.org/W2963787388","https://openalex.org/W2971146307","https://openalex.org/W3005577541","https://openalex.org/W3010335025","https://openalex.org/W3011858052","https://openalex.org/W3022253948","https://openalex.org/W3040592542","https://openalex.org/W3081131687","https://openalex.org/W3102517503","https://openalex.org/W4250450982","https://openalex.org/W6774006736","https://openalex.org/W6777048579"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2919827088","https://openalex.org/W2725429296","https://openalex.org/W2788731446","https://openalex.org/W2204403038","https://openalex.org/W3152170969","https://openalex.org/W2379054866","https://openalex.org/W2549658594","https://openalex.org/W2370195708","https://openalex.org/W1490651872","https://openalex.org/W2139242969"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multi-focus":[0],"image":[1,61],"fusion":[2],"(MFF)":[3],"is":[4,89,105,113],"a":[5,84],"popular":[6],"technique":[7],"to":[8,27,51,65,78],"generate":[9],"an":[10,75],"all-in-focus":[11],"image,":[12],"where":[13],"all":[14],"objects":[15],"in":[16,43,58],"the":[17,32,39,44,52,59,66,93,121,127],"scene":[18],"are":[19,132],"sharp.":[20],"However,":[21],"existing":[22],"methods":[23,40],"pay":[24],"little":[25],"attention":[26],"defocus":[28,80],"spread":[29,81],"effects":[30],"of":[31,38,95,126],"real-world":[33,122],"multi-focus":[34],"images.":[35],"Consequently,":[36],"most":[37],"perform":[41],"badly":[42],"areas":[45],"near":[46],"focus":[47,100],"map":[48],"boundaries.":[49],"According":[50],"idea":[53],"that":[54],"each":[55],"local":[56],"region":[57],"fused":[60],"should":[62],"be":[63],"similar":[64],"sharpest":[67],"one":[68],"among":[69],"source":[70],"images,":[71],"this":[72,109],"paper":[73],"presents":[74],"optimization-based":[76],"approach":[77],"reduce":[79],"effects.":[82],"Firstly,":[83],"new":[85],"MFF":[86,103],"assessment":[87],"metric":[88],"presented":[90],"by":[91,115],"combining":[92],"principle":[94],"structure":[96],"similarity":[97],"and":[98],"detected":[99],"maps.":[101],"Then,":[102],"problem":[104],"cast":[106],"into":[107],"maximizing":[108],"metric.":[110],"The":[111,130],"optimization":[112],"solved":[114],"gradient":[116],"ascent.":[117],"Experiments":[118],"conducted":[119],"on":[120],"dataset":[123],"verify":[124],"superiority":[125],"proposed":[128],"model.":[129],"codes":[131],"available":[133],"at":[134],"<uri":[135],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[136],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">https://github.com/xsxjtu/MFF-SSIM</uri>":[137],".":[138]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
