{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7139929847","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2026.3676276","title":"Optimal Scheduling of Fast Charging Stations and Electric Vehicles via an Uncertainty-Aware Stackelberg Game","display_name":"Optimal Scheduling of Fast Charging Stations and Electric Vehicles via an Uncertainty-Aware Stackelberg Game","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7139929847","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2026.3676276"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tce.2026.3676276","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2026.3676276","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126824455","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","issn_l":"0098-3063","issn":["0098-3063","1558-4127"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ze Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7265-7541"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196699116","display_name":"Wuhan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03fe7t173","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ze Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7265-7541","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051433549","display_name":"Ye Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1318-5561"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101015","display_name":"Wuhan Municipal Engineering Design & Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00ycq1k13","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101015"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ye Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan Power Supply Design Institute Company Ltd., Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan Power Supply Design Institute Company Ltd., Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101015"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130237136","display_name":"Ying Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17442442","display_name":"State Grid Corporation of China (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05twwhs70","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17442442"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126065","display_name":"Shanghai Electric (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/0314qy595","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical Training Center, State Grid Hubei Electric Power Company Ltd., Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical Training Center, State Grid Hubei Electric Power Company Ltd., Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17442442","https://openalex.org/I4210126065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130224509","display_name":"Yutong Xiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17442442","display_name":"State Grid Corporation of China (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05twwhs70","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17442442"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126065","display_name":"Shanghai Electric (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/0314qy595","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yutong Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical Training Center, State Grid Hubei Electric Power Company Ltd., Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical Training Center, State Grid Hubei Electric Power Company Ltd., Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17442442","https://openalex.org/I4210126065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xingyu Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17442442","display_name":"State Grid Corporation of China (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05twwhs70","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17442442"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126065","display_name":"Shanghai Electric (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/0314qy595","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingyu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical Training Center, State Grid Hubei Electric Power Company Ltd., Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical Training Center, State Grid Hubei Electric Power Company Ltd., Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17442442","https://openalex.org/I4210126065"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064422431","display_name":"Zhichao Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3702-4095"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196699116","display_name":"Wuhan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03fe7t173","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhichao Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.2716595,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":"2","first_page":"2763","last_page":"2774"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.757099986076355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.757099986076355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":0.04580000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11568","display_name":"Railway Systems and Energy Efficiency","score":0.025699999183416367,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stackelberg-competition","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","score":0.6046000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.6021000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-shop-scheduling","display_name":"Job shop scheduling","score":0.48489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-vehicle","display_name":"Electric vehicle","score":0.3903000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/processor-scheduling","display_name":"Processor scheduling","score":0.3416000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-theory","display_name":"Game theory","score":0.33160001039505005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6315000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199510392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184602","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","level":2,"score":0.6046000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.6021000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55416958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6206757","display_name":"Job shop scheduling","level":3,"score":0.48489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.3903000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.34779998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984822820","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123036","display_name":"Processor scheduling","level":3,"score":0.3416000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.33160001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3179999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.28610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2721000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79487989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q934680","display_name":"Vehicle dynamics","level":2,"score":0.27070000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107568181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5319000","display_name":"Dynamic priority scheduling","level":3,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779607880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2140665","display_name":"Charging station","level":4,"score":0.25679999589920044}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tce.2026.3676276","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2026.3676276","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126824455","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","issn_l":"0098-3063","issn":["0098-3063","1558-4127"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1857598505","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2025040601020125","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5472969388","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2025AFB188","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322186","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322186","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Electric":[0],"vehicles":[1],"(EVs)":[2],"and":[3,22,34,55,57,72,95,100,113,157,167,184,189,210],"fast":[4],"charging":[5],"infrastructure":[6],"(FCSs)":[7],"have":[8],"developed":[9],"at":[10],"a":[11,116],"rapid":[12],"pace,":[13],"strengthening":[14],"the":[15,39,49,91,101,105,133,140,145,182,187,194],"coupling":[16],"between":[17],"power":[18],"distribution":[19],"networks":[20,24],"(PDNs)":[21],"transportation":[23],"(TNs).":[25],"This":[26,78],"has":[27],"created":[28,138],"new":[29],"challenges":[30],"for":[31,62,153,173],"cross-domain":[32],"coordination":[33],"sustainable":[35],"energy":[36],"management.":[37],"However,":[38],"majority":[40],"of":[41,52,186,207],"previous":[42],"research":[43],"relies":[44],"on":[45],"deterministic":[46,218],"assumptions,":[47],"ignoring":[48],"stochastic":[50,118],"nature":[51],"traffic":[53],"demand":[54],"load,":[56],"lacks":[58],"effective":[59],"general-purpose":[60],"algorithms":[61,161],"large-scale":[63],"optimization":[64,166],"problems,":[65,89],"which":[66],"results":[67],"in":[68,75,205,230],"poor":[69],"solution":[70,208],"quality":[71],"slow":[73],"convergence":[74],"practical":[76],"applications.":[77],"paper":[79],"suggests":[80],"an":[81],"uncertainty-aware":[82],"Stackelberg":[83,141],"game":[84],"model":[85,150,188],"to":[86,131,217,227],"address":[87,132],"these":[88],"where":[90],"multi-class":[92],"vehicle":[93],"users":[94],"PDN":[96],"operator":[97],"are":[98,171],"followers":[99],"FCS":[102],"aggregator":[103],"is":[104,120,129,151],"leader.":[106],"To":[107],"more":[108,174],"accurately":[109],"depict":[110],"decision-making":[111],"procedures":[112],"system":[114],"interactions,":[115],"multi-scenario":[117],"representation":[119],"explicitly":[121],"included.":[122],"A":[123],"hybrid":[124],"surrogate-assisted":[125],"metaheuristic":[126,160,203],"algorithmic":[127],"framework":[128],"presented":[130],"intricate":[134],"bi-level":[135],"programming":[136],"problem":[137],"by":[139,191],"game.":[142],"Early":[143],"on,":[144,159],"radial":[146],"basis":[147],"function-based":[148],"surrogate":[149,201],"used":[152,172],"quick":[154],"global":[155],"exploration,":[156],"later":[158],"like":[162],"adaptive":[163],"particle":[164],"swarm":[165],"advanced":[168],"differential":[169],"evolution":[170],"focused":[175],"local":[176],"search.":[177],"Lastly,":[178],"case":[179],"studies":[180],"validate":[181],"efficacy":[183],"superiority":[185],"algorithm":[190],"showing":[192],"that":[193],"suggested":[195],"approach":[196],"performs":[197],"better":[198],"than":[199],"pure":[200],"or":[202],"approaches":[204,219],"terms":[206],"quality,":[209],"achieves":[211],"0.86%\u20131.05%":[212],"higher":[213],"average":[214],"profit":[215],"compared":[216],"while":[220],"maintaining":[221],"robust":[222],"worst-case":[223],"performance":[224],"with":[225],"up":[226],"2.66%":[228],"improvement":[229],"minimum":[231],"profit.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-09T06:18:44.609144","created_date":"2026-03-21T00:00:00"}