{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416513238","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2025.3635719","title":"6G-Enabled Underwater-IoT Connected Sensors: A Quantum-Aware and Federated RL-Based Localization-Energy Optimization","display_name":"6G-Enabled Underwater-IoT Connected Sensors: A Quantum-Aware and Federated RL-Based Localization-Energy Optimization","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416513238","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2025.3635719"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tce.2025.3635719","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2025.3635719","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126824455","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","issn_l":"0098-3063","issn":["0098-3063","1558-4127"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085478403","display_name":"Altaf Hussain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7923-9652"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Altaf Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","School of Electronic and Control Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Control Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021012603","display_name":"Shuaiyong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3914-5173"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuaiyong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Industrial Internet of Things and Networked Control, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Industrial Internet of Things and Networked Control, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Industrial Internet of Things and Networked Control, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Industrial Internet of Things and Networked Control, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106561416","display_name":"Wajahat Akbar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5107-8264"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wajahat Akbar","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Control Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Control Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085478403","display_name":"Altaf Hussain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7923-9652"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Altaf Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","School of Electronic and Control Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Control Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020562052","display_name":"Tariq Hussain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4761-0346"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75059550","display_name":"Zhejiang Gongshang University","ror":"https://ror.org/0569mkk41","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75059550"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tariq Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75059550"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073138968","display_name":"Mrim M. Alnfiai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3837-6313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179331831","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mrim M. Alnfiai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085478403"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.44378179,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":"1","first_page":"1645","last_page":"1659"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9571999907493591,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9571999907493591,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.013500000350177288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.005900000222027302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/goodput","display_name":"Goodput","score":0.730400025844574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/propagation-delay","display_name":"Propagation delay","score":0.5666000247001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.4948999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.4871000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.47200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.4641999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.45100000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.4397999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.37040001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.36890000104904175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94022561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172393","display_name":"Goodput","level":4,"score":0.730400025844574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7164999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90806461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1144416","display_name":"Propagation delay","level":2,"score":0.5666000247001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.4948999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4871000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.47200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.4641999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4571000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.45100000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4397999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4153999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.37040001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.36890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.36320000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.3449999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176809094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15401496","display_name":"Traverse","level":2,"score":0.33640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.335999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3353999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40409654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375889","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.3294000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169111936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424098","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","level":3,"score":0.32739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.31279999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108921912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834639","display_name":"Transmission delay","level":3,"score":0.3041999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.29269999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19118579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786423","display_name":"Frequency domain","level":2,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202311505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474701","display_name":"Radio propagation","level":2,"score":0.2741999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.2612000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.2587999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110157686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q922122","display_name":"Broadcasting (networking)","level":2,"score":0.2565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777737062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14898686","display_name":"Subsea","level":2,"score":0.25440001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.2533999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.2515000104904175}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tce.2025.3635719","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2025.3635719","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126824455","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","issn_l":"0098-3063","issn":["0098-3063","1558-4127"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,171,200],"Internet":[1,32],"of":[2,6,8,33,70,91],"Things":[3,35],"(IoT)":[4],"consists":[5],"networks":[7],"sensors,":[9,138],"actuators,":[10],"and":[11,40,46,57,64,85,94,119,142,164,190,211,225],"cyber-physical":[12],"systems":[13],"distributed":[14],"across":[15],"heterogeneous":[16],"Radio":[17],"Frequency":[18],"(RF)":[19],"infrastructures.":[20],"Extending":[21],"this":[22],"paradigm":[23],"to":[24,30,59],"the":[25,31,67],"underwater":[26,71,228],"domain":[27],"gives":[28],"rise":[29],"Underwater":[34],"(IoUT),":[36],"where":[37],"absorption-limited":[38],"acoustic":[39,124],"optical":[41],"links,":[42,189],"long":[43],"propagation":[44,78],"delays,":[45],"three-dimensional":[47,123],"(3D)":[48],"mobility":[49],"require":[50],"specialized,":[51],"energy-efficient":[52],"approaches":[53],"for":[54],"localization,":[55],"routing,":[56],"synchronization":[58],"ensure":[60],"reliable":[61],"subsea":[62],"monitoring":[63],"control.":[65],"However,":[66],"unique":[68],"challenges":[69],"environments,":[72],"such":[73],"as":[74],"limited":[75],"bandwidth,":[76],"high":[77],"delay,":[79],"nonlinear":[80],"channel":[81],"characteristics,":[82],"energy":[83,120],"constraints,":[84],"localization":[86,92,117],"accuracy,":[87],"make":[88],"simultaneous":[89],"optimization":[90],"accuracy":[93,118],"network":[95,159],"lifetime":[96],"a":[97,106,128,180,191],"complex":[98],"task.":[99],"To":[100],"address":[101],"these":[102],"issues,":[103],"we":[104],"present":[105],"6G-Enabled":[107],"Quantum-Aware":[108],"Federated":[109],"Reinforcement":[110],"Learning":[111],"(6G-QFRL)":[112],"framework":[113],"that":[114,195,217],"jointly":[115],"optimizes":[116],"efficiency":[121],"in":[122,227],"IoUT":[125],"networks.":[126],"In":[127],"3000":[129,131],"\u00d7":[130,132],"500":[133],"m\u00b3":[134],"field":[135],"containing":[136],"40":[137],"6":[139],"AUV":[140],"anchors,":[141],"4":[143],"sinks":[144],"operating":[145],"over":[146],"12":[147],"kHz":[148,151],"/":[149],"2":[150],"BPSK":[152],"channels,":[153],"6G-QFRL":[154],"achieves":[155],"+32":[156],"%":[157],"longer":[158],"lifetime,":[160],"25":[161],"%localization":[162],"RMSE,":[163],"+18%packet-delivery":[165],"ratio":[166],"compared":[167],"with":[168,179],"recent":[169],"baselines.":[170],"controller":[172],"integrates":[173],"physics-aware":[174],"sensing":[175,229],"(TOA/AoA":[176],"+":[177],"CRLB)":[178],"constraint-aware":[181],"PPO":[182],"policy,":[183],"federated":[184,219],"aggregation":[185],"through":[186],"6G":[187],"edge":[188],"quantum-inspired":[192],"policy":[193],"head":[194],"refines":[196],"discrete":[197],"transmission":[198],"decisions.":[199],"approach":[201],"sustains":[202],"Jain\u2019s":[203],"fairness":[204],"index":[205],"J>0.9,":[206],"delay":[207],"near":[208],"1.2\u20131.8":[209],"s,":[210],"goodput":[212],"around":[213],"1.0\u20131.4":[214],"kbps,":[215],"demonstrating":[216],"quantum-aware":[218],"intelligence":[220],"can":[221],"significantly":[222],"enhance":[223],"reliability":[224],"endurance":[226],"missions.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-26T06:05:38.182114","created_date":"2025-11-23T00:00:00"}