{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413786015","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2025.3603331","title":"SDN-Assisted Spatial Encoded Sequence Enabled BLSTM-Based Zero-Trust Anomaly Detection Model for Consumer Electronics of Smart Cities","display_name":"SDN-Assisted Spatial Encoded Sequence Enabled BLSTM-Based Zero-Trust Anomaly Detection Model for Consumer Electronics of Smart Cities","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413786015","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2025.3603331"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tce.2025.3603331","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2025.3603331","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126824455","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","issn_l":"0098-3063","issn":["0098-3063","1558-4127"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zabeeh Ullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0116-5256"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zabeeh Ullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Software Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","Department of Computer Software Engineering National University of Sciences and Technology NUST, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Software Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Software Engineering National University of Sciences and Technology NUST, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002815889","display_name":"Fahim Arif","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5361-8600"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fahim Arif","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Software Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","Department of Computer Software Engineering National University of Sciences and Technology NUST, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Software Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Software Engineering National University of Sciences and Technology NUST, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zeeshan Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5878-714X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75357094","display_name":"National Yunlin University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04qkq2m54","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75357094"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zeeshan Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Management, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliu, Yunlin, Taiwan","Department of Information Management, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliu, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Management, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliu, Yunlin, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75357094"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Management, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75357094"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069306207","display_name":"Qazi Mazhar ul Haq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1302-7689"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99908691","display_name":"Yuan Ze University","ror":"https://ror.org/01fv1ds98","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99908691"]}],"countries":["PK","TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qazi Mazhar Ul Haq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering and the International Bachelor Program in Informatics, National University of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, and the International Bachelor Program in Informatics, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering and the International Bachelor Program in Informatics, National University of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, and the International Bachelor Program in Informatics, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99908691"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058693284","display_name":"Muhammad Ali Babar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6653-6076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142024983","display_name":"Prince Sultan University","ror":"https://ror.org/053mqrf26","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Babar","raw_affiliation_strings":["RIOTU Laboratory, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","College of Computer and Information Sciences, RIOTU Laboratory, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RIOTU Laboratory, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Sciences, RIOTU Laboratory, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077313671","display_name":"Muhammad Islam Satti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4845-4808"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86467917","display_name":"James Cook University","ror":"https://ror.org/04gsp2c11","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86467917"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86467917"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025407927","display_name":"Azeem Irshad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1366-2834"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171003132","display_name":"Rawalpindi Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/02maedm12","country_code":"PK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I171003132"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112446","display_name":"Department of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/0218hya98","country_code":"IN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112446","https://openalex.org/I4210152752"]}],"countries":["IN","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Azeem Irshad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Punjab Higher Education Department, Faculty of Computer Science, GGC Asghar Mall Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan","Faculty of computer science, Punjab Higher Education Department, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Punjab Higher Education Department, Faculty of Computer Science, GGC Asghar Mall Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171003132"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of computer science, Punjab Higher Education Department, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020838797","display_name":"Nazik Alturki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8434-7292"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106778892","display_name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nazik Alturki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P. O. Box 84428, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P. O. Box 84428, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088617561","display_name":"Ali Kashif Bashir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2601-9327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","display_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hstj355","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Kashif Bashir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Mathematics, and Digital Technology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, U.K","Department of Computing, Mathematics, and Digital Technology, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Mathematics, and Digital Technology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Mathematics, and Digital Technology, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":6,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6789,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74555079,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":"4","first_page":"11846","last_page":"11853"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13918","display_name":"Advanced Data and IoT Technologies","score":0.9151999950408936,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13918","display_name":"Advanced Data and IoT Technologies","score":0.9151999950408936,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9078999757766724,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.690805196762085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronics","display_name":"Electronics","score":0.6366540789604187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zero","display_name":"Zero (linguistics)","score":0.5170310139656067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.469643771648407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.46715134382247925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","score":0.44387441873550415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3266923427581787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.32296624779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.25159454345703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.25113582611083984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.16060194373130798}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.690805196762085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138331895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11650","display_name":"Electronics","level":2,"score":0.6366540789604187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780813799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3274237","display_name":"Zero (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5170310139656067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.469643771648407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.46715134382247925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12997251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q567560","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","level":2,"score":0.44387441873550415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3266923427581787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.32296624779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25159454345703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.25113582611083984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.16060194373130798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tce.2025.3603331","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2025.3603331","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126824455","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","issn_l":"0098-3063","issn":["0098-3063","1558-4127"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:e-space.mmu.ac.uk:643417","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0116-5256","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401617","display_name":"e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","host_organization_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2751998928","https://openalex.org/W3091945716","https://openalex.org/W3153313568","https://openalex.org/W3209469313","https://openalex.org/W3211772915","https://openalex.org/W4223479306","https://openalex.org/W4225657853","https://openalex.org/W4285047761","https://openalex.org/W4285274733","https://openalex.org/W4285407542","https://openalex.org/W4309635201","https://openalex.org/W4316661260","https://openalex.org/W4320009717","https://openalex.org/W4367624273","https://openalex.org/W4381733063","https://openalex.org/W4387010730","https://openalex.org/W4387068169","https://openalex.org/W4389633740","https://openalex.org/W4390204156","https://openalex.org/W4391947395","https://openalex.org/W4392172699","https://openalex.org/W4394862644","https://openalex.org/W4394994431","https://openalex.org/W4403022282","https://openalex.org/W4403243966","https://openalex.org/W4403321208","https://openalex.org/W4406013654","https://openalex.org/W4410341654","https://openalex.org/W4410638761"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2806741695","https://openalex.org/W4290647774","https://openalex.org/W3189286258","https://openalex.org/W3207797160","https://openalex.org/W3210364259","https://openalex.org/W4300558037","https://openalex.org/W2667207928","https://openalex.org/W2912112202","https://openalex.org/W4377864969","https://openalex.org/W3120251014"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,18,74,148,163],"proliferation":[1],"of":[2,25,86,124],"Consumer":[3],"Electronics":[4],"(CE)":[5],"within":[6],"smart":[7,125,190],"cities":[8],"has":[9],"introduced":[10],"both":[11,143],"unprecedented":[12],"convenience":[13],"and":[14,22,37,51,80,89,100,119,145,160,183],"significant":[15,32],"cybersecurity":[16],"vulnerabilities.":[17],"growing":[19],"complexity,":[20],"heterogeneity,":[21],"increasing":[23],"number":[24],"CE":[26,48,87,127,192],"devices":[27],"have":[28],"led":[29],"to":[30,70],"a":[31,57,109,135,185],"increase":[33],"in":[34],"data":[35,101],"flow":[36],"security":[38,181],"issues.":[39,73],"Furthermore,":[40],"traditional":[41],"static":[42,116],"network":[43,117,141],"infrastructure":[44],"methods":[45,182],"need":[46],"customized":[47],"device":[49],"administration":[50],"human":[52],"configuration.":[53],"This":[54],"research":[55],"presents":[56],"unique":[58],"Deep":[59],"Learning":[60],"(DL)":[61],"system":[62],"that":[63,112,176],"is":[64,106,166,184],"coordinated":[65],"by":[66,96,155,168],"Software-Defined":[67],"Networking":[68],"(SDN)":[69],"address":[71],"these":[72],"proposed":[75,164],"novel":[76],"model,":[77],"leveraging":[78],"SDN":[79,104],"DL,":[81],"efficiently":[82],"manages":[83,120],"the":[84,98,103,121,172],"heterogeneity":[85],"networks":[88],"detects":[90],"attacks":[91],"with":[92,134],"high":[93],"accuracy.":[94],"First,":[95],"separating":[97],"control":[99],"planes,":[102],"architecture":[105],"used":[107],"as":[108],"versatile":[110],"solution":[111],"allows":[113],"reconfiguration":[114],"over":[115],"infrastructures":[118],"distributed":[122],"nature":[123],"city":[126,191],"networks.":[128,193],"Second,":[129],"integrating":[130],"spatial-temporal":[131],"context":[132],"encoding":[133],"Bidirectional":[136],"Long":[137],"Short-Term":[138],"Memory":[139],"(BLSTM)":[140],"captures":[142],"spatial":[144],"temporal":[146],"dependencies.":[147],"BLSTM":[149],"bidirectional":[150],"processing":[151],"improves":[152],"anomaly":[153],"detection":[154],"analyzing":[156],"patterns":[157],"from":[158],"past":[159],"future":[161],"states.":[162],"method":[165],"validated":[167],"simulation":[169],"results":[170],"using":[171],"CICDDoS-2019":[173],"dataset,":[174],"showing":[175],"it":[177],"outperforms":[178],"current":[179],"state-of-the-art":[180],"viable":[186],"choice":[187],"for":[188],"next-generation":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-16T15:07:20.185449","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
