{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413010876","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2025.3596381","title":"Resilient Microgrid Frequency Control Under Cyber Threats With Experimental Validation Using MIWO-FOPID Controller","display_name":"Resilient Microgrid Frequency Control Under Cyber Threats With Experimental Validation Using MIWO-FOPID Controller","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413010876","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2025.3596381"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tce.2025.3596381","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2025.3596381","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126824455","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","issn_l":"0098-3063","issn":["0098-3063","1558-4127"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038349500","display_name":"Ramesh Chandra Khamari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9543-1633"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16292982","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Rourkela","ror":"https://ror.org/011gmn932","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16292982"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramesh Chandra Khamari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9543-1633","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16292982"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005172086","display_name":"Pravat Kumar Ray","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3464-3501"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16292982","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Rourkela","ror":"https://ror.org/011gmn932","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16292982"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pravat Kumar Ray","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3464-3501","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16292982"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050792388","display_name":"Manoj Kumar Senapati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0393-4418"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388446400","display_name":"Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar","ror":"https://ror.org/02b1vt080","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4388446400"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manoj Kumar Senapati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0393-4418","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4388446400"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005573392","display_name":"Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3212-2750"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801380234","display_name":"University of South-Eastern Norway","ror":"https://ror.org/05ecg5h20","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801380234"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanjeevkumar Padmanaban","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology, and Cybernetics, University of South-Eastern Norway, Notodden, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3212-2750","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology, and Cybernetics, University of South-Eastern Norway, Notodden, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801380234"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.4452,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9613526,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":"3","first_page":"7920","last_page":"7932"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9769999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12277","display_name":"Frequency Control in Power Systems","score":0.9704999923706055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microgrid","display_name":"Microgrid","score":0.7303206920623779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-frequency-control","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","score":0.5271175503730774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.49934816360473633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.44020721316337585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.40945762395858765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.32249873876571655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.29538512229919434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.2452191412448883}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776784348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5762595","display_name":"Microgrid","level":3,"score":0.7303206920623779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25915539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220786","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","level":2,"score":0.5271175503730774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.49934816360473633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44020721316337585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.40945762395858765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.32249873876571655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.29538512229919434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.2452191412448883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tce.2025.3596381","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2025.3596381","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126824455","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","issn_l":"0098-3063","issn":["0098-3063","1558-4127"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W106711868","https://openalex.org/W2088907664","https://openalex.org/W2167712734","https://openalex.org/W2319367234","https://openalex.org/W2390654433","https://openalex.org/W2513312568","https://openalex.org/W2612596019","https://openalex.org/W2750894191","https://openalex.org/W2757303199","https://openalex.org/W2899404179","https://openalex.org/W2919580381","https://openalex.org/W2952286565","https://openalex.org/W2970163411","https://openalex.org/W2973303215","https://openalex.org/W2991644437","https://openalex.org/W3006257305","https://openalex.org/W3008299449","https://openalex.org/W3010182086","https://openalex.org/W3052904130","https://openalex.org/W3056417847","https://openalex.org/W3090025898","https://openalex.org/W3094580668","https://openalex.org/W3156757407","https://openalex.org/W3196988748","https://openalex.org/W3211485893","https://openalex.org/W4210817210","https://openalex.org/W4285166140","https://openalex.org/W4295036190","https://openalex.org/W4297790189","https://openalex.org/W4308033854","https://openalex.org/W4386453793","https://openalex.org/W4388709754","https://openalex.org/W4390481074","https://openalex.org/W4390905855","https://openalex.org/W4391285921","https://openalex.org/W4392251887","https://openalex.org/W4399498228","https://openalex.org/W4399527488","https://openalex.org/W4402937491","https://openalex.org/W4403446453","https://openalex.org/W4403722985","https://openalex.org/W4403723307","https://openalex.org/W4406106477","https://openalex.org/W4406728066","https://openalex.org/W4409657014"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1574359403","https://openalex.org/W4388301268","https://openalex.org/W2076021085","https://openalex.org/W2061539888","https://openalex.org/W3006223230","https://openalex.org/W2424479016","https://openalex.org/W1590827513","https://openalex.org/W2386414721","https://openalex.org/W2057687962","https://openalex.org/W2000675896"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,70,94,146],"increasing":[1],"reliance":[2],"on":[3],"communication":[4],"networks":[5],"in":[6,33,42,66,91,155],"modern":[7],"microgrid":[8,43,157,171],"(MG)":[9],"architectures":[10],"has":[11],"made":[12],"them":[13],"highly":[14],"susceptible":[15],"to":[16,89],"cyber":[17,144],"threats,":[18],"particularly":[19],"time-delay":[20,79],"attacks,":[21,80],"which":[22],"compromise":[23],"frequency":[24,64,136],"stability":[25,158],"and":[26,83,117,127,140,169],"degrade":[27],"system":[28],"performance.":[29],"Additionally,":[30],"the":[31,75,97,149,152],"variability":[32],"Energy":[34],"Storage":[35],"System":[36],"(ESS)":[37],"status":[38],"introduces":[39],"further":[40],"complexities":[41],"control.":[44],"This":[45],"paper":[46],"proposes":[47],"an":[48,67],"advanced":[49],"Modified":[50],"Improved":[51],"Whale":[52],"Optimization":[53,111],"algorithm":[54],"based":[55,113],"Fractional":[56,104],"Order":[57,105],"Proportional-Integral-Derivative":[58,106],"(MIWO-FOPID)":[59],"controller":[60,99,116,154],"for":[61,167],"robust":[62],"secondary":[63],"regulation":[65],"islanded":[68],"microgrid.":[69],"proposed":[71,153],"approach":[72],"effectively":[73],"mitigates":[74],"impact":[76],"of":[77,96,151],"cyber-induced":[78],"random":[81],"attacks":[82,85],"malware":[84],"while":[86],"dynamically":[87],"adapting":[88],"variations":[90],"ESS":[92],"operation.":[93],"performance":[95],"MIWO-FOPID":[98],"is":[100],"evaluated":[101],"against":[102,143],"conventional":[103],"(FOPID)":[107],"controller,":[108],"Grey":[109],"Wolf":[110],"(GWO)":[112],"FOPID":[114],"(GWO-FOPID)":[115],"modified":[118],"Model":[119],"Predictive":[120],"Control":[121],"(MPC)":[122],"strategies.":[123],"Extensive":[124],"MATLAB/Simulink-based":[125],"simulations":[126],"real-time":[128],"validation":[129],"using":[130],"OPAL-RT":[131],"Lab":[132],"OP-4510":[133],"demonstrate":[134],"superior":[135],"regulation,":[137],"rapid":[138],"convergence,":[139],"enhanced":[141],"resilience":[142],"threats.":[145],"results":[147],"confirm":[148],"efficacy":[150],"maintaining":[156],"under":[159],"uncertain":[160],"conditions,":[161],"making":[162],"it":[163],"a":[164],"promising":[165],"solution":[166],"resilient":[168],"intelligent":[170],"management.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-12T23:11:45.498971","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
