{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412795606","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2025.3594556","title":"Agents Incorporating XRL-Based Method for Threat Detection in Mobile Edge Networks for Consumer Electronics","display_name":"Agents Incorporating XRL-Based Method for Threat Detection in Mobile Edge Networks for Consumer Electronics","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412795606","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2025.3594556"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tce.2025.3594556","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2025.3594556","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126824455","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","issn_l":"0098-3063","issn":["0098-3063","1558-4127"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092246177","display_name":"Muhammad Yousaf Saeed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9985-1879"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Yousaf Saeed","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9985-1879","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032712488","display_name":"Jingsha He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8122-8052"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingsha He","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8122-8052","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069893644","display_name":"Nafei Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4036-0724"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nafei Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4036-0724","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075242305","display_name":"Muhammad Farhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3649-5717"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Farhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad (Sahiwal), Sahiwal, Pakistan","COMSATS University Islamabad, Department of Computer Science, Sahiwal Campus, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3649-5717","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad (Sahiwal), Sahiwal, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMSATS University Islamabad, Department of Computer Science, Sahiwal Campus, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073138968","display_name":"Mrim M. Alnfiai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3837-6313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179331831","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mrim M. Alnfiai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3837-6313","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068805139","display_name":"Juan Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4542-8727"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4542-8727","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.18470719,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":"3","first_page":"8829","last_page":"8838"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9786999821662903,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9786999821662903,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9542999863624573,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9419000148773193,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronics","display_name":"Electronics","score":0.6621944904327393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5292206406593323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.48648306727409363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3968362808227539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3138543963432312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.30541324615478516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2532321810722351}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138331895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11650","display_name":"Electronics","level":2,"score":0.6621944904327393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5292206406593323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.48648306727409363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3968362808227539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3138543963432312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.30541324615478516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2532321810722351}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tce.2025.3594556","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2025.3594556","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126824455","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","issn_l":"0098-3063","issn":["0098-3063","1558-4127"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3428391718","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TU-DSPP-2024-41","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323722","funder_display_name":"Taif University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323722","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2914051825","https://openalex.org/W3000122187","https://openalex.org/W3024862066","https://openalex.org/W3165381529","https://openalex.org/W3194396392","https://openalex.org/W3196585642","https://openalex.org/W3203054513","https://openalex.org/W3209071499","https://openalex.org/W3216145890","https://openalex.org/W4207008561","https://openalex.org/W4223561153","https://openalex.org/W4224249813","https://openalex.org/W4226373174","https://openalex.org/W4283015338","https://openalex.org/W4283724983","https://openalex.org/W4285184946","https://openalex.org/W4285234540","https://openalex.org/W4293192745","https://openalex.org/W4293569095","https://openalex.org/W4386918758","https://openalex.org/W4387490649","https://openalex.org/W4387717447","https://openalex.org/W4392309162","https://openalex.org/W4400239195","https://openalex.org/W4400980678","https://openalex.org/W4401387461","https://openalex.org/W4401556288","https://openalex.org/W4411160947"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2052899165","https://openalex.org/W2008562718","https://openalex.org/W1495971547","https://openalex.org/W2067604523","https://openalex.org/W2602089430","https://openalex.org/W2154510413","https://openalex.org/W2386935432","https://openalex.org/W4310772596","https://openalex.org/W2066556921"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Real-time":[0],"threat":[1,45,69],"detection":[2,46,70],"in":[3,43,96,118,173,210],"mobile":[4],"edge":[5],"networks":[6,143],"for":[7,18,142,218],"consumer":[8,219],"electronics":[9],"based":[10],"on":[11,133],"the":[12,51,55,61,97,134,164,169],"new":[13,64],"Explainable":[14],"AI":[15],"(XAI)":[16],"technique":[17],"reinforcement":[19],"learning":[20,41,182],"framework":[21],"is":[22],"proposed.":[23],"The":[24,191],"approach":[25],"leverages":[26],"Advantage":[27],"Actor-Critic":[28],"(A2C),":[29],"Proximal":[30],"Policy":[31],"Optimization":[32],"(PPO),":[33],"and":[34,72,94,131,139,157,188,203],"Hindsight":[35],"Experience":[36],"Replay":[37],"(HER)":[38],"to":[39,58,60,80,88,116,179],"improve":[40],"efficiency":[42],"dynamic":[44],"scenarios.":[47],"Continuous":[48],"interaction":[49],"with":[50,103,120,155,159,193],"network":[52,89],"environment":[53],"allows":[54],"RL":[56,151,171,198],"agent":[57],"adapt":[59],"appearance":[62],"of":[63,168],"threats":[65],"that":[66,107],"can":[67],"raise":[68],"precision":[71],"resilience.":[73],"We":[74],"use":[75],"SHapley":[76],"Additive":[77],"exPlanations":[78],"(SHAP)":[79],"build":[81],"additively":[82],"interpretable":[83],"models,":[84],"offering":[85],"practical":[86],"insights":[87],"operators":[90],"while":[91],"enhancing":[92],"transparency":[93],"confidence":[95],"decision":[98],"process.":[99],"Extensive":[100],"empirical":[101],"evaluations":[102],"benchmark":[104],"datasets":[105],"show":[106],"our":[108],"method":[109],"substantially":[110],"outperforms":[111],"traditional":[112],"ones":[113],"by":[114],"up":[115],"15%":[117],"accuracy,":[119],"an":[121],"extra":[122],"30%":[123],"false":[124],"positives":[125],"reduction.":[126],"It":[127],"realizes":[128],"99.97%,":[129],"99.98%,":[130],"99.95%":[132],"respective":[135],"proposed":[136,170],"A2C,":[137],"PPO,":[138],"HER":[140],"models":[141,172,183],"identified":[144],"under":[145],"severe":[146],"attack":[147],"scenarios,":[148],"outperforming":[149],"other":[150],"algorithms":[152],"like":[153],"SARSA,":[154],"99.69%,":[156],"Q-learning,":[158],"98.53%.":[160],"These":[161],"results":[162],"confirm":[163],"very":[165],"competitive":[166],"performance":[167],"handling":[174],"complex":[175],"classification":[176],"problems":[177],"compared":[178],"classical":[180],"machine":[181],"such":[184],"as":[185],"Random":[186],"Forest":[187],"Multi-layer":[189],"Perceptron.":[190],"integration":[192],"lightweight":[194],"XAI":[195],"helps":[196],"ensure":[197],"agents\u2019":[199],"decisions":[200],"are":[201],"correct":[202],"interpretable,":[204],"solving":[205],"yet":[206],"another":[207],"fundamental":[208],"challenge":[209],"deploying":[211],"AI-based":[212],"security":[213],"systems":[214],"within":[215],"sensitive":[216],"environments":[217],"electronics.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}