{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409659399","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2025.3563392","title":"Data-Driven Framework for Mitigating EV-Based Load-Altering Attacks on LFC Model of Microgrid","display_name":"Data-Driven Framework for Mitigating EV-Based Load-Altering Attacks on LFC Model of Microgrid","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409659399","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2025.3563392"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tce.2025.3563392","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2025.3563392","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126824455","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","issn_l":"0098-3063","issn":["0098-3063","1558-4127"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028538303","display_name":"Ahmadreza Abazari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5268-6057"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmadreza Abazari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gina Cody School of Engineering and Computer Science, CIISE, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5268-6057","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gina Cody School of Engineering and Computer Science, CIISE, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052464384","display_name":"Mohsen Ghafouri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2184-5734"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohsen Ghafouri","raw_affiliation_strings":["CIISE, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2184-5734","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CIISE, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044489791","display_name":"Danial Jafarigiv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5801-9877"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47099075","display_name":"Hydro-Qu\u00e9bec","ror":"https://ror.org/01nhzsw25","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47099075"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danial Jafarigiv","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cyber Security, IREQ, Varennes, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5801-9877","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cyber Security, IREQ, Varennes, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47099075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057593270","display_name":"Ribal Atallah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9582-6478"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47099075","display_name":"Hydro-Qu\u00e9bec","ror":"https://ror.org/01nhzsw25","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47099075"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ribal Atallah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cyber Security, IREQ, Varennes, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9582-6478","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cyber Security, IREQ, Varennes, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47099075"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072393948","display_name":"Chadi Assi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3161-1846"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chadi Assi","raw_affiliation_strings":["CIISE, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3161-1846","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CIISE, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.0422,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98071989,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":"2","first_page":"6093","last_page":"6108"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9904999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9376999735832214,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microgrid","display_name":"Microgrid","score":0.873652994632721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4568837285041809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-modeling","display_name":"Data modeling","score":0.4223026633262634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.4039266109466553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3796910047531128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3676643967628479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.2591997981071472}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776784348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5762595","display_name":"Microgrid","level":3,"score":0.873652994632721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4568837285041809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.4223026633262634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4039266109466553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3796910047531128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3676643967628479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.2591997981071472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tce.2025.3563392","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2025.3563392","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126824455","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","issn_l":"0098-3063","issn":["0098-3063","1558-4127"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963774976","https://openalex.org/W1990382471","https://openalex.org/W2023744873","https://openalex.org/W2125733767","https://openalex.org/W2177349431","https://openalex.org/W2292170128","https://openalex.org/W2545258053","https://openalex.org/W2586222769","https://openalex.org/W2588899480","https://openalex.org/W2601485441","https://openalex.org/W2765551348","https://openalex.org/W2807860438","https://openalex.org/W2977733636","https://openalex.org/W3025221943","https://openalex.org/W3033672499","https://openalex.org/W3108634995","https://openalex.org/W3112196665","https://openalex.org/W3165878961","https://openalex.org/W3179072397","https://openalex.org/W3209428779","https://openalex.org/W4206223097","https://openalex.org/W4284703709","https://openalex.org/W4319990437","https://openalex.org/W4320002857","https://openalex.org/W4365129131","https://openalex.org/W4377715534","https://openalex.org/W4383316410","https://openalex.org/W4385486439","https://openalex.org/W4385757407","https://openalex.org/W4389232961","https://openalex.org/W4389633812","https://openalex.org/W4390776948","https://openalex.org/W4399409042","https://openalex.org/W4400446999","https://openalex.org/W4402806567","https://openalex.org/W4405022224"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W1574359403","https://openalex.org/W2057975886","https://openalex.org/W4308700935","https://openalex.org/W4210780382","https://openalex.org/W2356033827","https://openalex.org/W2391138633","https://openalex.org/W2907234787","https://openalex.org/W4285503559","https://openalex.org/W4206134051"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,154],"deployment":[1],"of":[2,22,35,59,107,158,196],"electric":[3],"vehicles":[4],"(EVs)":[5],"in":[6,74,111,179,205],"different":[7],"grid":[8],"domains,":[9],"such":[10,61],"as":[11,62],"microgrids":[12],"(MGs),":[13],"has":[14],"increased":[15],"considerably.":[16],"To":[17],"fully":[18],"realize":[19],"the":[20,29,33,43,56,63,105,123,134,144,159],"advantages":[21],"EV":[23,44,92,198],"ecosystems":[24,93],"and":[25,37,50,80,150,156,168,184],"integrate":[26],"them":[27],"with":[28,164,200],"MG":[30,203],"control":[31,66,119],"schemes,":[32],"use":[34],"information":[36],"communication":[38],"technologies":[39],"is":[40,94,130,141],"required,":[41],"making":[42],"ecosystem":[45,199],"prone":[46],"to":[47,96,132,146],"data":[48],"manipulation":[49],"malware":[51],"injection.":[52],"On":[53],"this":[54],"basis,":[55],"potential":[57],"vulnerabilities":[58],"MGs,":[60],"load":[64],"frequency":[65,106],"(LFC)":[67],"model,":[68],"that":[69,190],"plays":[70],"an":[71,197,201],"important":[72],"role":[73],"keeping":[75],"a":[76,86,165,169,188,192],"balance":[77],"between":[78],"generation":[79],"demand,":[81],"will":[82],"be":[83],"discussed.":[84],"Then,":[85],"switching":[87,135],"attack":[88,136,175],"vector":[89],"originating":[90],"from":[91],"leveraged":[95],"launch":[97],"coordinated":[98],"EV-based":[99],"load-altering":[100],"attacks":[101],"(EV-LAAs)":[102],"based":[103,121],"on":[104,122],"lightly":[108],"damped":[109],"modes":[110],"MGs.":[112],"A":[113,138],"multi-agent":[114],"cooperative":[115],"reinforcement":[116],"learning":[117],"(RL)":[118],"framework":[120,172],"actor-critic":[124],"proximal":[125],"policy":[126],"optimization":[127],"(PPO)":[128],"model":[129],"designed":[131],"mitigate":[133],"vectors.":[137],"Lyapunov":[139],"function":[140],"developed":[142],"using":[143],"PPO":[145],"provide":[147],"monotonic":[148],"policies":[149],"guarantee":[151],"MG\u2019s":[152],"stability.":[153],"performance":[155],"robustness":[157],"proposed":[160],"method":[161],"are":[162],"compared":[163],"model-based":[166],"controller":[167],"centralized":[170],"RL":[171],"for":[173],"several":[174],"scenarios":[176],"during":[177],"disturbances":[178],"wind":[180],"speed,":[181],"solar":[182],"irradiation,":[183],"parametric":[185],"uncertainties":[186],"under":[187],"testbed":[189],"integrates":[191],"virtual":[193],"sphere":[194],"(vSphere)":[195],"islanded":[202],"simulated":[204],"OPAL-RT":[206],"5650.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
