{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399728471","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2024.3415411","title":"Chaotic Quantum Encryption to Secure Image Data in Post Quantum Consumer Technology","display_name":"Chaotic Quantum Encryption to Secure Image Data in Post Quantum Consumer Technology","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399728471","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2024.3415411"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tce.2024.3415411","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2024.3415411","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126824455","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","issn_l":"0098-3063","issn":["0098-3063","1558-4127"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005946268","display_name":"Muhammad Shahbaz Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7166-6681"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251738","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjvnn91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29698356","display_name":"HITEC University","ror":"https://ror.org/013d87239","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29698356"]}],"countries":["GB","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Shahbaz Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, HITEC University, Taxila, Pakistan","School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, U.K","School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7166-6681","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, HITEC University, Taxila, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29698356"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100754273","display_name":"Jawad Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6289-8248"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251738","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjvnn91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jawad Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, U.K","School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6289-8248","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023246930","display_name":"Ahmed Al\u2010Dubai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9758-5540"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251738","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjvnn91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Al-Dubai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, U.K","School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9758-5540","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082150685","display_name":"Nikolaos Pitropakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3392-9970"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251738","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjvnn91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikolaos Pitropakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, U.K","School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3392-9970","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002269681","display_name":"Baraq Ghaleb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8361-0634"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251738","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjvnn91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baraq Ghaleb","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, U.K","School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8361-0634","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102254449","display_name":"Amjad Ullah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251738","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjvnn91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amjad Ullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, U.K","School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2407-4480","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100732302","display_name":"Muhammad Attique Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5723-3858"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251738","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjvnn91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29698356","display_name":"HITEC University","ror":"https://ror.org/013d87239","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29698356"]}],"countries":["GB","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Attique Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, HITEC University, Taxila, Pakistan","School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5723-3858","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, HITEC University, Taxila, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29698356"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068020099","display_name":"William J. Buchanan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0809-3523"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251738","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjvnn91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William J. Buchanan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, U.K","School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0809-3523","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.9125,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":49,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98583084,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":"4","first_page":"7087","last_page":"7101"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.6973847150802612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5770857334136963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chaotic","display_name":"Chaotic","score":0.5589225888252258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-cryptography","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","score":0.5373640656471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.4959147870540619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.4497235119342804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.44147616624832153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.35846051573753357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3545984923839569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-information","display_name":"Quantum information","score":0.28069666028022766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.25827741622924805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.18661361932754517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.1480727195739746}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.6973847150802612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5770857334136963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777052490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072826","display_name":"Chaotic","level":2,"score":0.5589225888252258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144901912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471906","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","level":4,"score":0.5373640656471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.4959147870540619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.4497235119342804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.44147616624832153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.35846051573753357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3545984923839569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.28069666028022766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.25827741622924805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.18661361932754517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.1480727195739746}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tce.2024.3415411","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2024.3415411","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126824455","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","issn_l":"0098-3063","issn":["0098-3063","1558-4127"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975366306","https://openalex.org/W1986965723","https://openalex.org/W1997334792","https://openalex.org/W2001883788","https://openalex.org/W2017443075","https://openalex.org/W2047310366","https://openalex.org/W2049473822","https://openalex.org/W2063051185","https://openalex.org/W2086684239","https://openalex.org/W2092612101","https://openalex.org/W2109394932","https://openalex.org/W2149665143","https://openalex.org/W2195333992","https://openalex.org/W2288927738","https://openalex.org/W2340877924","https://openalex.org/W2399499800","https://openalex.org/W2604840828","https://openalex.org/W2882970333","https://openalex.org/W2959917627","https://openalex.org/W2975604807","https://openalex.org/W2990961515","https://openalex.org/W2997104767","https://openalex.org/W3043354306","https://openalex.org/W3047267927","https://openalex.org/W3089424266","https://openalex.org/W3179847099","https://openalex.org/W4251763861","https://openalex.org/W4307101964","https://openalex.org/W4312560303","https://openalex.org/W4312653732","https://openalex.org/W4313145330","https://openalex.org/W4361854448","https://openalex.org/W4362654257","https://openalex.org/W4380520419","https://openalex.org/W4380785328","https://openalex.org/W4386737323","https://openalex.org/W4388505127","https://openalex.org/W4388544090","https://openalex.org/W4389104695","https://openalex.org/W4390848179","https://openalex.org/W4392309155","https://openalex.org/W6602287557"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2100090372","https://openalex.org/W4361205702","https://openalex.org/W2385965183","https://openalex.org/W2376048186","https://openalex.org/W3173339789","https://openalex.org/W4385627932","https://openalex.org/W4288754535","https://openalex.org/W2548040793","https://openalex.org/W1561051298","https://openalex.org/W3008265109"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,64],"rapid":[1],"advancement":[2],"in":[3,12,17,40,48],"consumer":[4,43],"technology":[5,44],"has":[6,143],"led":[7],"to":[8,32,159,210],"an":[9,18],"exponential":[10],"increase":[11],"the":[13,26,41,83,134,138,162,188,206,213],"connected":[14],"devices,":[15],"resulting":[16],"enormous":[19],"and":[20,36,78,85,110,155,180],"continuous":[21],"flow":[22],"of":[23,68,87,137,171,176],"data,":[24],"particularly":[25],"image":[27,54],"data.":[28],"This":[29,46],"data":[30,200],"needs":[31],"be":[33],"processed,":[34],"managed,":[35],"secured":[37],"efficiently,":[38],"especially":[39],"quantum-enabled":[42],"era.":[45],"paper,":[47],"this":[49],"regards,":[50],"presents":[51],"a":[52,58,75],"quantum":[53,88,92],"encryption":[55,80,135],"scheme":[56,164,190],"featuring":[57],"novel":[59],"two-phase":[60],"chaotic":[61,102],"confusion-diffusion":[62,71],"architecture.":[63],"proposed":[65,139,163,189,207],"architecture":[66],"consists":[67],"four":[69],"distinct":[70],"modules":[72],"that":[73],"perform":[74],"simultaneous":[76],"qubit":[77],"pixel-level":[79],"on":[81,147],"both":[82],"position":[84],"intensity":[86],"encoded":[89],"pixels.":[90],"Moreover,":[91],"circuits":[93],"for":[94],"<inline-formula":[95,111],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[96,104,112,122],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[97,105,113,123],"<tex-math":[98,106,114,124],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$^{\\prime":[99,107,115,125],"}$":[100,108,116,126],"</tex-math></inline-formula>qubit-level":[101],"transformation<inline-formula":[103],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[109,127],"</tex-math></inline-formula>chaos-based":[117],"selective":[118],"perfect":[119],"shuffle":[120],"operation<inline-formula":[121],"have":[128],"been":[129,144],"implemented,":[130],"which":[131],"collectively":[132],"enhance":[133],"strength":[136],"scheme.":[140],"Extensive":[141],"evaluation":[142],"performed":[145],"based":[146],"various":[148],"statistical":[149],"security":[150],"parameters,":[151],"such":[152],"as":[153],"entropy":[154],"correlation.":[156],"When":[157],"subjected":[158],"differential":[160],"attacks,":[161],"proved":[165],"its":[166],"resilience":[167,193],"exhibiting":[168],"ideal":[169],"results":[170],"average":[172],"99.6%":[173],"NPCR":[174],"(Number":[175],"Pixels":[177],"Change":[178],"Rate)":[179],"33.5%":[181],"UACI":[182],"(Unified":[183],"Average":[184],"Changing":[185],"Intensity).":[186],"Besides,":[187],"also":[191],"demonstrated":[192],"against":[194],"occlusion":[195,201],"attacks.":[196],"Tests":[197],"involving":[198],"50%":[199],"from":[202],"encrypted":[203],"images":[204],"validated":[205],"scheme\u2019s":[208],"capability":[209],"successfully":[211],"decrypt":[212],"tampered":[214],"images,":[215],"recovering":[216],"maximum":[217],"information.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-21T08:15:58.654021","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
