{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392207874","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2024.3370764","title":"InvMetrics: Measuring Privacy Risks for Split Model\u2013Based Customer Behavior Analysis","display_name":"InvMetrics: Measuring Privacy Risks for Split Model\u2013Based Customer Behavior Analysis","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392207874","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2024.3370764"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tce.2024.3370764","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2024.3370764","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126824455","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","issn_l":"0098-3063","issn":["0098-3063","1558-4127"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031379362","display_name":"Ruijun Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1663-0464"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruijun Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and the Engineering Research Center of Cyber Security Auditing and Monitoring, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1663-0464","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and the Engineering Research Center of Cyber Security Auditing and Monitoring, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102943987","display_name":"Shijing Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8509-1751"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shijing Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and the Engineering Research Center of Cyber Security Auditing and Monitoring, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8509-1751","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and the Engineering Research Center of Cyber Security Auditing and Monitoring, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028517133","display_name":"Junxiong Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9499-9983"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junxiong Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and the Engineering Research Center of Cyber Security Auditing and Monitoring, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and the Engineering Research Center of Cyber Security Auditing and Monitoring, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111297139","display_name":"Jirui Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1713-3437"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jirui Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and the Engineering Research Center of Cyber Security Auditing and Monitoring, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and the Engineering Research Center of Cyber Security Auditing and Monitoring, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047344828","display_name":"Zhihui Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5706-7503"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhihui Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","Shanghai Blockchain Engineering Research Center, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5706-7503","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Blockchain Engineering Research Center, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100600532","display_name":"Jie Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0404-0707"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0404-0707","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062271417","display_name":"Shih-Chia Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6896-3415"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118292597","display_name":"National Taipei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cn92c09","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shih-Chia Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei City, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6896-3415","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei City, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001056903","display_name":"Qiang Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7832-1937"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Sciences and Technology Department, Pennsylvania State University, Abington, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7832-1937","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Sciences and Technology Department, Pennsylvania State University, Abington, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3892,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82870444,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":"1","first_page":"4168","last_page":"4177"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9836999773979187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5430632829666138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.4932510256767273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.434704065322876}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5430632829666138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.4932510256767273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.434704065322876}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tce.2024.3370764","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2024.3370764","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126824455","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","issn_l":"0098-3063","issn":["0098-3063","1558-4127"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1850338662","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"22510761000","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336652","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Innovation Plan Of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5730634982","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFC3302300","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7122685710","display_name":"\u6570\u636e\u9a71\u52a8\u7684CDN\u8fb9\u7f18\u8ba1\u7b97\u8d44\u6e90\u8c03\u5ea6\u548c\u90e8\u7f72\u673a\u5236\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61873309","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G776895963","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"92146002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8248692212","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YFC3300600","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8740526965","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"92046024","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336652","display_name":"Science and Technology Innovation Plan Of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W1999602050","https://openalex.org/W2027595342","https://openalex.org/W2038178117","https://openalex.org/W2145979309","https://openalex.org/W2535690855","https://openalex.org/W2911978475","https://openalex.org/W2963297095","https://openalex.org/W2979437960","https://openalex.org/W2989885118","https://openalex.org/W3011434423","https://openalex.org/W3012901223","https://openalex.org/W3022522270","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3129519326","https://openalex.org/W3153345798","https://openalex.org/W3156548180","https://openalex.org/W3191662849","https://openalex.org/W4229686936","https://openalex.org/W4288345394","https://openalex.org/W4293514802","https://openalex.org/W4297899436","https://openalex.org/W4320713383","https://openalex.org/W4366250585","https://openalex.org/W4367046960","https://openalex.org/W4367047069","https://openalex.org/W4367047229","https://openalex.org/W4375958095","https://openalex.org/W4385568150","https://openalex.org/W4386858694","https://openalex.org/W4386918966","https://openalex.org/W4387303325","https://openalex.org/W4388756760","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6763393573","https://openalex.org/W6763736615","https://openalex.org/W6775482175","https://openalex.org/W6787972765","https://openalex.org/W6790701753","https://openalex.org/W6791120749","https://openalex.org/W6794839332","https://openalex.org/W6809700810","https://openalex.org/W6841030189","https://openalex.org/W6844417880","https://openalex.org/W6852705201"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mobile":[0],"Edge":[1],"Computing":[2],"(MEC)":[3],"has":[4],"great":[5],"potential":[6],"to":[7,40,52],"facilitate":[8],"cheap":[9],"and":[10,32,98,121,157,167,174],"fast":[11],"customer":[12,30],"behavior":[13],"analysis":[14],"(CBA).":[15],"Model":[16],"splitting,":[17],"widely":[18],"adopted":[19],"in":[20,36,59],"collaborative":[21],"learning":[22],"of":[23,62,90],"MEC,":[24],"partitions":[25],"the":[26,33,46,64,88,95,99,128,179],"CBA":[27,84,96,103,155],"models":[28],"between":[29],"devices":[31],"edge":[34],"servers":[35],"a":[37,74,107],"layer-wise":[38],"manner":[39],"support":[41],"efficient":[42,177],"distributed":[43],"learning.":[44],"However,":[45],"split-model":[47],"architecture":[48],"(SMA)":[49],"is":[50,118,175],"vulnerable":[51],"data":[53],"reconstruction":[54],"attacks":[55],"for":[56,81,124],"privacy":[57,75,91,108,145,172],"leakage":[58,92],"intermediate":[60],"data,":[61],"which":[63,86,117,142],"risk":[65,76,146,173],"measurements":[66],"remain":[67],"unexplored.":[68],"In":[69],"this":[70],"paper,":[71],"we":[72,105,134],"propose":[73,106,135],"measurement":[77],"framework,":[78],"called":[79],"InvMetrics,":[80],"split":[82],"model\u2013based":[83],"systems,":[85],"assess":[87],"degree":[89],"from":[93],"both":[94],"owners\u2019":[97],"regulators\u2019":[100],"perspectives.":[101],"For":[102,131],"owners,":[104],"metric,":[109],"Distance":[110],"Loss":[111,137],"(DLoss),":[112],"based":[113,139],"on":[114,127,140,153],"distance":[115],"correlation,":[116],"computationally":[119],"efficient,":[120],"thus":[122],"eligible":[123],"being":[125],"deployed":[126],"customers\u2019":[129],"devices.":[130],"third-party":[132],"evaluators,":[133],"Uncertainty":[136],"(ULoss)":[138],"entropy,":[141],"can":[143,169],"measure":[144,171],"without":[147],"accessing":[148],"raw":[149],"data.":[150],"Evaluation":[151],"results":[152],"three":[154],"datasets":[156],"one":[158],"image":[159],"dataset":[160],"demonstrate":[161],"that":[162],"InvMetrics":[163],"framework":[164],"with":[165],"DLoss":[166],"ULoss":[168],"accurately":[170],"more":[176],"than":[178],"state-of-the-art.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}