{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3094256868","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2020.3032682","title":"A Convolutional Neural Network for Ghost Image Recognition and Waveform Design of Electrophoretic Displays","display_name":"A Convolutional Neural Network for Ghost Image Recognition and Waveform Design of Electrophoretic Displays","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3094256868","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2020.3032682","mag":"3094256868"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tce.2020.3032682","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2020.3032682","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126824455","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","issn_l":"0098-3063","issn":["0098-3063","1558-4127"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101950018","display_name":"Jiji Cao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jin-Xin Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002587081","display_name":"Zong Qin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5689-2085"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zong Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067321928","display_name":"Zheng Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4146-1906"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101521915","display_name":"Wenjie Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8117-3381"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen-Jie Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062176940","display_name":"Lin-Yu Song","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin-Yu Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091874236","display_name":"Dianlu Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162143","display_name":"QED Technologies (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04wz8fg60","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162143"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dian-Lu Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangzhou OED Technologies Company Ltd., Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangzhou OED Technologies Company Ltd., Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021445773","display_name":"Xi\u2010Du Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162143","display_name":"QED Technologies (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04wz8fg60","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162143"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xi-Du Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangzhou OED Technologies Company Ltd., Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangzhou OED Technologies Company Ltd., Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101665976","display_name":"Xi Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2174-8670"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162143","display_name":"QED Technologies (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04wz8fg60","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162143"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xi Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangzhou OED Technologies Company Ltd., Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangzhou OED Technologies Company Ltd., Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045463595","display_name":"Yu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2026-8018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162143","display_name":"QED Technologies (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04wz8fg60","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162143"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangzhou OED Technologies Company Ltd., Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangzhou OED Technologies Company Ltd., Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162143"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000929687","display_name":"Bo\u2010Ru Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9975-1503"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo-Ru Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101950018"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4814,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91337194,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"66","issue":"4","first_page":"356","last_page":"365"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11408","display_name":"Advanced Optical Imaging Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11408","display_name":"Advanced Optical Imaging Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12452","display_name":"Electrowetting and Microfluidic Technologies","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11996","display_name":"Random lasers and scattering media","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3102","display_name":"Acoustics and Ultrasonics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grayscale","display_name":"Grayscale","score":0.781592845916748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7690743207931519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7649955749511719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.6015139818191528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5958001017570496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.5216336846351624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4787249267101288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.43036383390426636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.34425222873687744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.32027649879455566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.12978976964950562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11119922995567322}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78201319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685727","display_name":"Grayscale","level":3,"score":0.781592845916748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7690743207931519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7649955749511719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.6015139818191528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5958001017570496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.5216336846351624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4787249267101288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.43036383390426636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.34425222873687744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.32027649879455566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.12978976964950562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11119922995567322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tce.2020.3032682","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2020.3032682","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126824455","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","issn_l":"0098-3063","issn":["0098-3063","1558-4127"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G907651412","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"19lgzd12","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321160","funder_display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321160","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W174647234","https://openalex.org/W1494451628","https://openalex.org/W1607108207","https://openalex.org/W1922126009","https://openalex.org/W1966626087","https://openalex.org/W1981037654","https://openalex.org/W1981434853","https://openalex.org/W1987126813","https://openalex.org/W1993534441","https://openalex.org/W1995680457","https://openalex.org/W2021141322","https://openalex.org/W2023648104","https://openalex.org/W2053540788","https://openalex.org/W2065085421","https://openalex.org/W2068326153","https://openalex.org/W2087685922","https://openalex.org/W2091556009","https://openalex.org/W2097823792","https://openalex.org/W2123878252","https://openalex.org/W2133604456","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2152540477","https://openalex.org/W2160360904","https://openalex.org/W2165839785","https://openalex.org/W2170159018","https://openalex.org/W2187059549","https://openalex.org/W2274513109","https://openalex.org/W2302269321","https://openalex.org/W2405024124","https://openalex.org/W2652191470","https://openalex.org/W2770887258","https://openalex.org/W2792723482","https://openalex.org/W2799852717","https://openalex.org/W2810462120","https://openalex.org/W2912442479","https://openalex.org/W2913485229","https://openalex.org/W2914496424","https://openalex.org/W2944548960","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2989226760","https://openalex.org/W3140666765","https://openalex.org/W3143977673"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W115686965","https://openalex.org/W1974895211","https://openalex.org/W2129841057","https://openalex.org/W3040712279","https://openalex.org/W2768918307","https://openalex.org/W2176409448","https://openalex.org/W2364769705","https://openalex.org/W2056136368","https://openalex.org/W2110031805","https://openalex.org/W2374664672"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,22,118,130],"advantages":[2],"of":[3,24,29,61],"low":[4],"power":[5],"consumption,":[6],"flexibility,":[7],"and":[8,107],"high":[9],"readability":[10],"against":[11],"bright":[12],"ambiance,":[13],"electrophoretic":[14],"displays":[15],"(EPDs)":[16],"have":[17],"wide":[18],"application":[19],"prospects":[20],"in":[21,48],"fields":[23],"education,":[25],"smart":[26,31],"supermarkets,":[27],"Internet":[28],"Things,":[30],"homes,":[32],"wearable":[33],"devices,":[34],"etc.":[35],"EPDs":[36,137],"suffer":[37],"from":[38],"a":[39,88,133],"severe":[40],"history":[41],"dependence":[42],"during":[43],"grayscale":[44],"switching,":[45],"which":[46],"results":[47,127],"annoying":[49],"ghost":[50,62,96,105],"images.":[51],"However,":[52],"currently,":[53],"it":[54],"is":[55,132],"difficult":[56],"to":[57,86,93,138],"distinguish":[58],"diverse":[59],"types":[60],"images":[63,106],"automatically;":[64],"thus,":[65],"lookup-tables":[66],"(LUTs)":[67],"for":[68,114,120,136],"multi-grayscale":[69],"waveform":[70,115],"design":[71],"cannot":[72],"be":[73],"effectively":[74],"generated":[75,113],"but":[76],"require":[77],"cumbersome":[78],"manual":[79,121,147],"adjustment.":[80],"In":[81],"this":[82],"article,":[83],"we":[84],"proposed":[85],"adopt":[87],"convolutional":[89],"neural":[90],"network":[91],"(CNN)":[92],"automatically":[94,112],"recognize":[95],"images,":[97],"based":[98],"on":[99],"which,":[100],"LUTs":[101],"that":[102,129],"could":[103],"suppress":[104],"achieve":[108,139],"accurate":[109],"grayscales":[110],"were":[111],"design.":[116],"Moreover,":[117],"workforce":[119],"adjustment":[122],"was":[123],"significantly":[124],"saved.":[125],"The":[126],"suggest":[128],"CNN":[131],"powerful":[134],"tool":[135],"better":[140],"image":[141],"quality,":[142],"as":[143,145],"well":[144],"less":[146],"cost.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
