{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2907136948","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2018.2890616","title":"Defeating Silicon Reverse Engineering Using a Layout-Level Standard Cell Camouflage","display_name":"Defeating Silicon Reverse Engineering Using a Layout-Level Standard Cell Camouflage","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2907136948","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2018.2890616","mag":"2907136948"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tce.2018.2890616","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2018.2890616","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126824455","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","issn_l":"0098-3063","issn":["0098-3063","1558-4127"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068522651","display_name":"Hector Gomez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8749-5661"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115684694","display_name":"Industrial University of Santander","ror":"https://ror.org/00xc1d948","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115684694"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hector Gomez","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical, Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8749-5661","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115684694"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076615981","display_name":"Ckristian Duran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3746-8320"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115684694","display_name":"Industrial University of Santander","ror":"https://ror.org/00xc1d948","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115684694"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ckristian Duran","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical, Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3746-8320","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115684694"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070510631","display_name":"Elkim Roa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0290-7493"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115684694","display_name":"Industrial University of Santander","ror":"https://ror.org/00xc1d948","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115684694"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elkim Roa","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical, Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115684694"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115684694"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9739,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85296353,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"65","issue":"1","first_page":"109","last_page":"118"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9790999889373779,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reverse-engineering","display_name":"Reverse engineering","score":0.826949417591095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obfuscation","display_name":"Obfuscation","score":0.7891952991485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7092402577400208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/netlist","display_name":"Netlist","score":0.5827141404151917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4872564375400543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microprocessor","display_name":"Microprocessor","score":0.4719744622707367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4661406874656677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.4596545100212097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-cell","display_name":"Standard cell","score":0.45826488733291626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adder","display_name":"Adder","score":0.4313430190086365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.42514950037002563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.41696077585220337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-security-module","display_name":"Hardware security module","score":0.41444239020347595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integrated-circuit","display_name":"Integrated circuit","score":0.3661002814769745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3608517050743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.35512661933898926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.33924227952957153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21313315629959106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.13574331998825073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.0998171865940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207850805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269608","display_name":"Reverse engineering","level":2,"score":0.826949417591095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40305131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2616305","display_name":"Obfuscation","level":2,"score":0.7891952991485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7092402577400208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177650935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1760303","display_name":"Netlist","level":2,"score":0.5827141404151917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4872564375400543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780728072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5297","display_name":"Microprocessor","level":2,"score":0.4719744622707367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4661406874656677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4596545100212097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78401558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464496","display_name":"Standard cell","level":3,"score":0.45826488733291626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164620267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376953","display_name":"Adder","level":3,"score":0.4313430190086365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.42514950037002563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.41696077585220337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39217717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432354","display_name":"Hardware security module","level":3,"score":0.41444239020347595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530198007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80831","display_name":"Integrated circuit","level":2,"score":0.3661002814769745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3608517050743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.35512661933898926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.33924227952957153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21313315629959106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.13574331998825073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.0998171865940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tce.2018.2890616","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2018.2890616","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126824455","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","issn_l":"0098-3063","issn":["0098-3063","1558-4127"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1083755413","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"6172 (2014)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309955","funder_display_name":"Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n (COLCIENCIAS)"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309955","display_name":"Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n (COLCIENCIAS)","ror":"https://ror.org/048jthh02"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1575855622","https://openalex.org/W1915975010","https://openalex.org/W2012725064","https://openalex.org/W2047466300","https://openalex.org/W2067276029","https://openalex.org/W2152406824","https://openalex.org/W2156256511","https://openalex.org/W2159242974","https://openalex.org/W2182876769","https://openalex.org/W2277094899","https://openalex.org/W2328044184","https://openalex.org/W2401371495","https://openalex.org/W2426572037","https://openalex.org/W2511422681","https://openalex.org/W2526102565","https://openalex.org/W2581085431","https://openalex.org/W2617117136","https://openalex.org/W2783121464","https://openalex.org/W2783212533","https://openalex.org/W2789997193","https://openalex.org/W2791228548","https://openalex.org/W2795300637","https://openalex.org/W3098521738","https://openalex.org/W6640123041","https://openalex.org/W6685626058","https://openalex.org/W6749210507"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2913519194","https://openalex.org/W2007287520","https://openalex.org/W4288055011","https://openalex.org/W2100360214","https://openalex.org/W4287023151","https://openalex.org/W4362634109","https://openalex.org/W2293426816","https://openalex.org/W2055981842","https://openalex.org/W4388820743","https://openalex.org/W3202607186"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Intellectual":[0],"property":[1],"protection":[2],"techniques":[3],"face":[4],"a":[5,10,44,56,62,97,103,109,144,150,155],"challenging":[6],"task":[7],"in":[8],"countering":[9],"physical":[11,70],"attack":[12],"by":[13,32,54,85],"reverse":[14,134],"engineering":[15,135],"the":[16,73,86,94],"netlist":[17],"of":[18,39,72,99,147],"an":[19],"embedded":[20],"integrated":[21],"circuit.":[22],"An":[23],"attacker":[24],"can":[25,89],"extract":[26],"sensitive":[27],"information":[28],"with":[29,61,113,149],"image":[30],"tools":[31],"processing":[33],"microphotographs":[34],"at":[35],"low":[36,45],"metal":[37],"layers":[38],"delayered":[40],"chips.":[41],"We":[42],"propose":[43],"performance":[46],"and":[47,81,102,117,122],"zero-area":[48],"impact":[49],"method":[50,95],"to":[51,67,96,136],"obfuscate":[52],"circuits":[53,101],"using":[55],"current":[57],"digital":[58],"design":[59],"flow":[60],"layout":[63],"standard":[64],"cell":[65],"generator":[66],"obtain":[68],"different":[69],"versions":[71],"same":[74],"logic":[75],"cell.":[76],"Results":[77],"indicate":[78,143],"that":[79,130],"timing":[80,121,145],"power":[82,123],"overhead,":[83],"introduced":[84],"obfuscation":[87,112,141,152],"method,":[88],"be":[90],"mitigated.":[91],"After":[92],"applying":[93],"set":[98],"benchmark":[100],"32-bit":[104],"RISC-based":[105],"microprocessor,":[106],"results":[107,142],"show":[108],"40%-50%":[110],"average":[111],"zero":[114],"area":[115],"penalty":[116,124,146],"less":[118],"than":[119],"2%":[120],"for":[125,154],"system":[126],"level":[127,153],"blocks.":[128],"Considering":[129],"most":[131],"attacks":[132],"direct":[133],"key":[137,157],"cryptographic":[138],"functions,":[139],"experimental":[140],"4%":[148],"strong":[151],"synthesized":[156],"establishment":[158],"core.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}