{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1966824821","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2014.7027346","title":"Eigen directional bit-planes for robust face recognition","display_name":"Eigen directional bit-planes for robust face recognition","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1966824821","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2014.7027346","mag":"1966824821"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tce.2014.7027346","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2014.7027346","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126824455","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","issn_l":"0098-3063","issn":["0098-3063","1558-4127"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100381334","display_name":"Lei Lei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8415-8611"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lei Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Korea University, Seoul, Rep. of Korea","School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Rep. of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea University, Seoul, Rep. of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Rep. of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080908087","display_name":"Seung\u2010Wook Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6004-4086"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seung-wook Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Korea University, Seoul, Rep. of Korea","School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Rep. of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea University, Seoul, Rep. of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Rep. of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085759940","display_name":"Won-Jae Park","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Won-jae Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Korea University, Seoul, Rep. of Korea","School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Rep. of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea University, Seoul, Rep. of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Rep. of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100321042","display_name":"Dae-Hwan Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8400-6167"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dae-hwan Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Korea University, Seoul, Rep. of Korea","School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Rep. of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea University, Seoul, Rep. of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Rep. of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020023785","display_name":"Sung-Jea Ko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4875-7091"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sung-jea Ko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Korea University, Seoul, Rep. of Korea","School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Rep. of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea University, Seoul, Rep. of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Rep. of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100381334"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7071,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8668767,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":"4","first_page":"702","last_page":"709"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9822999835014343,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7791024446487427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.6642442941665649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.6621507406234741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6461942195892334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6453284025192261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6435931324958801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.638838529586792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6011454463005066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-binary-patterns","display_name":"Local binary patterns","score":0.5686452984809875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5340769290924072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-plane","display_name":"Bit plane","score":0.500136137008667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.44342225790023804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.4261380434036255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/three-dimensional-face-recognition","display_name":"Three-dimensional face recognition","score":0.4166487455368042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.3132742941379547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.2708132266998291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.179835706949234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13642233610153198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.12530988454818726}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7791024446487427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.6642442941665649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.6621507406234741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6461942195892334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6453284025192261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6435931324958801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.638838529586792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6011454463005066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87335442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2494345","display_name":"Local binary patterns","level":4,"score":0.5686452984809875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5340769290924072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56056324","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q878866","display_name":"Bit plane","level":4,"score":0.500136137008667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.44342225790023804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.4261380434036255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88799230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398329","display_name":"Three-dimensional face recognition","level":5,"score":0.4166487455368042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3132742941379547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.2708132266998291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.179835706949234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13642233610153198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.12530988454818726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183383400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374485","display_name":"Bit field","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25197100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q890886","display_name":"Drilling","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tce.2014.7027346","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2014.7027346","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126824455","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","issn_l":"0098-3063","issn":["0098-3063","1558-4127"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","score":0.5299999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1506281249","https://openalex.org/W1964762821","https://openalex.org/W1969030392","https://openalex.org/W1989702938","https://openalex.org/W2009094591","https://openalex.org/W2011503867","https://openalex.org/W2029927832","https://openalex.org/W2039051707","https://openalex.org/W2051075456","https://openalex.org/W2060124823","https://openalex.org/W2085771427","https://openalex.org/W2097777575","https://openalex.org/W2121647436","https://openalex.org/W2123921160","https://openalex.org/W2125742596","https://openalex.org/W2125874614","https://openalex.org/W2129812935","https://openalex.org/W2131081720","https://openalex.org/W2132467081","https://openalex.org/W2138451337","https://openalex.org/W2143402071","https://openalex.org/W2144796713","https://openalex.org/W2163808566","https://openalex.org/W2994340921","https://openalex.org/W3144858519","https://openalex.org/W4205687621","https://openalex.org/W6635552349"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2085553065","https://openalex.org/W2486556835","https://openalex.org/W2545349559","https://openalex.org/W2353697322","https://openalex.org/W2914194627","https://openalex.org/W1771356744","https://openalex.org/W2147478239","https://openalex.org/W3165453100","https://openalex.org/W2189511392","https://openalex.org/W2001391903"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"visible":[1],"image-based":[2],"face":[3,33,92],"recognition":[4],"system":[5],"can":[6,53],"be":[7,54],"seriously":[8],"degraded":[9],"in":[10],"real-life":[11],"environments":[12],"by":[13],"various":[14],"factors":[15],"including":[16],"illumination":[17,118],"changes,":[18,20,119,121],"expression":[19,120],"occlusion,":[21,122],"and":[22,123],"disguise.":[23,124],"In":[24],"this":[25],"paper,":[26],"a":[27,85],"novel":[28],"feature":[29,115],"descriptor":[30],"for":[31],"robust":[32],"recognition,":[34,93],"Eigen":[35],"Directional":[36],"Bit-Plane":[37],"(EDBP),":[38],"is":[39,46,76,97],"introduced":[40],"to":[41,79,83],"address":[42],"these":[43],"issues.":[44],"It":[45],"observed":[47],"that":[48,107],"Local":[49],"Binary":[50],"Pattern":[51],"(LBP)":[52],"decomposed":[55],"into":[56,99],"8":[57],"directional":[58,66],"bit-planes":[59],"(DBP),":[60],"each":[61],"of":[62,68],"which":[63],"represents":[64],"certain":[65],"information":[67],"the":[69,80,89,94],"facial":[70],"image.":[71],"Principal":[72],"Component":[73],"Analysis":[74],"(PCA)":[75],"then":[77],"applied":[78],"DBP":[81],"space":[82],"obtain":[84],"more":[86],"compact":[87],"feature,":[88],"EDBP.":[90],"For":[91],"proposed":[95],"EDBP":[96,110],"integrated":[98],"conventional":[100],"state-of-the-art":[101],"classification":[102],"methods.":[103],"Simulation":[104],"results":[105],"demonstrate":[106],"classifiers":[108],"with":[109,113],"outperform":[111],"those":[112],"existing":[114],"descriptors":[116],"under":[117]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
