{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417201569","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2025.3642409","title":"State-Dependent Neural Decoding of Complex Handwriting via Mixture of Experts With Recurrent Routing","display_name":"State-Dependent Neural Decoding of Complex Handwriting via Mixture of Experts With Recurrent Routing","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417201569","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2025.3642409"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcds.2025.3642409","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2025.3642409","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2488537894","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","issn_l":"2379-8920","issn":["2379-8920","2379-8939"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107094040","display_name":"Lei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8085-2374"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132011","display_name":"Hangzhou Seventh Peoples Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/0310dsa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132011"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Affiliated Mental Health Center &#x0026; Hangzhou Seventh People&#x2019;s Hospital and the MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","Affiliated Mental Health Center &#x0026; Hangzhou Seventh People&#x2019;s Hospital and the MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2769-6701","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Affiliated Mental Health Center &#x0026; Hangzhou Seventh People&#x2019;s Hospital and the MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132011"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Affiliated Mental Health Center &#x0026; Hangzhou Seventh People&#x2019;s Hospital and the MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132011"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100592900","display_name":"Xiaomeng Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4980-7673"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaomeng Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7527-1211","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101303515","display_name":"Xinzhu Xiong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinzhu Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8086-3460","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yao Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3118-3885"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132011","display_name":"Hangzhou Seventh Peoples Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/0310dsa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132011"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Affiliated Mental Health Center &#x0026; Hangzhou Seventh People&#x2019;s Hospital and the MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","Affiliated Mental Health Center &#x0026; Hangzhou Seventh People&#x2019;s Hospital and the MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3118-3885","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Affiliated Mental Health Center &#x0026; Hangzhou Seventh People&#x2019;s Hospital and the MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132011"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Affiliated Mental Health Center &#x0026; Hangzhou Seventh People&#x2019;s Hospital and the MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132011"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100741362","display_name":"Yueming Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-8945"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yueming Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7742-0722","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101501469","display_name":"Yu Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8815-1249"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132011","display_name":"Hangzhou Seventh Peoples Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/0310dsa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132011"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Affiliated Mental Health Center &#x0026; Hangzhou Seventh People&#x2019;s Hospital and the MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","Affiliated Mental Health Center &#x0026; Hangzhou Seventh People&#x2019;s Hospital and the MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9789-8907","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Affiliated Mental Health Center &#x0026; Hangzhou Seventh People&#x2019;s Hospital and the MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132011"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Affiliated Mental Health Center &#x0026; Hangzhou Seventh People&#x2019;s Hospital and the MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132011"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.34630801,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"3","first_page":"655","last_page":"665"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.864799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.864799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11431","display_name":"Action Observation and Synchronization","score":0.015699999406933784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.012299999594688416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.7915999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-decoding","display_name":"Neural decoding","score":0.7878999710083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting","display_name":"Handwriting","score":0.7512999773025513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.510699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-ensemble","display_name":"Neural ensemble","score":0.5019000172615051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.48179998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.4731999933719635}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8348000049591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.7915999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40743351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7002049","display_name":"Neural decoding","level":3,"score":0.7878999710083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779386606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393642","display_name":"Handwriting","level":2,"score":0.7512999773025513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.510699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187782996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9390548","display_name":"Neural ensemble","level":2,"score":0.5019000172615051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4894999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.48179998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.4731999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4616999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.34709998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112640561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2440634","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","level":3,"score":0.33000001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3043999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.30320000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26826806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q438358","display_name":"Alternation (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.2939000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.2888999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175202392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2434543","display_name":"Time delay neural network","level":3,"score":0.28760001063346863}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcds.2025.3642409","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2025.3642409","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2488537894","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","issn_l":"2379-8920","issn":["2379-8920","2379-8939"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2016549674","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62336007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6010373439","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62276228","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Handwriting":[0],"brain-computer":[1],"interfaces":[2],"(BCIs)":[3],"that":[4,26,106,172],"convert":[5],"neural":[6,32,54,65,77,104,111,138,144,155],"signals":[7],"into":[8],"handwriting":[9,28,80,194],"hold":[10],"promise":[11],"for":[12,18,199],"providing":[13],"an":[14,163],"intuitive":[15],"communication":[16],"avenue":[17],"individuals":[19],"with":[20,90,178],"paralysis.":[21],"The":[22],"literature":[23],"has":[24],"demonstrated":[25],"complex":[27,202],"process":[29,74],"involves":[30],"multiple":[31,76],"states,":[33,55],"each":[34,98],"of":[35,41,53,75,93,134,190],"which":[36,69,122],"contains":[37],"a":[38,63,91,102,109,119,179],"distinct":[39],"encoding":[40],"motor":[42,46,160,203],"parameters.":[43],"However,":[44],"existing":[45,183],"decoding":[47,66,83,176,193],"approaches":[48],"mostly":[49],"ignore":[50],"the":[51,72,86,124,137,142,158,188],"alternation":[52,115],"resulting":[56],"in":[57,79,192],"limited":[58],"performance.":[59,84],"This":[60],"study":[61],"proposes":[62],"state-dependent":[64,148],"framework":[67,87],"(StateMoE),":[68],"explicitly":[70],"models":[71,108,123],"transition":[73,126],"states":[78],"to":[81,141],"enhance":[82],"Specifically,":[85],"is":[88,116,132],"constructed":[89],"mixture":[92],"experts":[94],"(MoE)":[95],"architecture:":[96],"1)":[97],"expert":[99],"serves":[100],"as":[101],"candidate":[103],"decoder":[105],"independently":[107],"specific":[110],"state;":[112],"2)":[113],"state":[114,125],"controlled":[117],"by":[118],"recurrent":[120],"router,":[121],"process.":[127],"In":[128],"this":[129],"way,":[130],"StateMoE":[131,152,173,191],"capable":[133],"adaptively":[135],"switching":[136],"decoders":[139],"according":[140],"incoming":[143],"signals,":[145],"thereby":[146],"achieving":[147],"decoding.":[149],"We":[150],"evaluate":[151],"using":[153],"intracortical":[154],"recordings":[156],"from":[157],"human":[159],"cortex":[161],"during":[162],"attempted":[164],"Chinese":[165],"character":[166],"writing":[167],"task.":[168],"Experimental":[169],"results":[170],"show":[171],"significantly":[174],"enhances":[175],"accuracy,":[177],"6.92%":[180],"improvement":[181],"over":[182],"methods.":[184],"These":[185],"findings":[186],"highlight":[187],"effectiveness":[189],"trajectories":[195],"and":[196],"its":[197],"potential":[198],"BCIs":[200],"toward":[201],"tasks.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T06:19:23.411458","created_date":"2025-12-10T00:00:00"}
