{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408917650","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2025.3555517","title":"CLARE: Cognitive Load Assessment in Real-Time With Multimodal Data","display_name":"CLARE: Cognitive Load Assessment in Real-Time With Multimodal Data","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408917650","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2025.3555517"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcds.2025.3555517","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2025.3555517","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2488537894","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","issn_l":"2379-8920","issn":["2379-8920","2379-8939"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050850087","display_name":"Anubhav Bhatti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0035-9860"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anubhav Bhatti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Ingenuity Labs Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Ingenuity Labs Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0035-9860","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Ingenuity Labs Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Ingenuity Labs Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038075191","display_name":"Prithila Angkan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9737-7010"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prithila Angkan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Ingenuity Labs Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Ingenuity Labs Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9737-7010","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Ingenuity Labs Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Ingenuity Labs Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023583517","display_name":"Behnam Behinaein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5731-214X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Behnam Behinaein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Ingenuity Labs Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Ingenuity Labs Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5731-214X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Ingenuity Labs Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Ingenuity Labs Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007965431","display_name":"Zunayed Mahmud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1234-4893"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zunayed Mahmud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Ingenuity Labs Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Ingenuity Labs Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1234-4893","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Ingenuity Labs Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Ingenuity Labs Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026934512","display_name":"Dirk Rodenburg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1842-5272"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dirk Rodenburg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ingenuity Labs Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada","Ingenuity Labs Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1842-5272","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ingenuity Labs Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ingenuity Labs Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035415700","display_name":"Heather Braund","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9749-7193"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heather Braund","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada","School of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9749-7193","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095941292","display_name":"P. James Mclellan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. James Mclellan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ingenuity Labs Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada","Ingenuity Labs Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0647-9561","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ingenuity Labs Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ingenuity Labs Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022365564","display_name":"Aaron J. Ruberto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0210-2698"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aaron Ruberto","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada","School of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0210-2698","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109710737","display_name":"G. L. Abby Harrison","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geoffery Harrison","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada","Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103369226","display_name":"D G Wilson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daryl Wilson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada","Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088361945","display_name":"Adam Szulewski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3076-6221"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adam Szulewski","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada","School of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3076-6221","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037900368","display_name":"Dan Howes","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Howes","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada","School of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039812985","display_name":"Ali Etemad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7128-0220"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Etemad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Ingenuity Labs Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Ingenuity Labs Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7128-0220","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Ingenuity Labs Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Ingenuity Labs Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036421736","display_name":"Paul Hungler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1999-3101"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Hungler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ingenuity Labs Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada","Ingenuity Labs Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1999-3101","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ingenuity Labs Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ingenuity Labs Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":14,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050850087"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.6234,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97201557,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"6","first_page":"1337","last_page":"1349"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.8618000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.8618000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8266797065734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.5439398884773254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-load","display_name":"Cognitive load","score":0.48924732208251953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.34720829129219055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.09078070521354675}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8266797065734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5439398884773254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61641136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107019","display_name":"Cognitive load","level":3,"score":0.48924732208251953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.34720829129219055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.09078070521354675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcds.2025.3555517","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2025.3555517","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2488537894","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","issn_l":"2379-8920","issn":["2379-8920","2379-8939"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W252646938","https://openalex.org/W819921203","https://openalex.org/W1426214599","https://openalex.org/W1501974358","https://openalex.org/W1545407019","https://openalex.org/W1980877068","https://openalex.org/W2002055708","https://openalex.org/W2026891775","https://openalex.org/W2030595170","https://openalex.org/W2040084725","https://openalex.org/W2048144107","https://openalex.org/W2050284630","https://openalex.org/W2077697924","https://openalex.org/W2088181307","https://openalex.org/W2122098299","https://openalex.org/W2137576942","https://openalex.org/W2144961120","https://openalex.org/W2145111120","https://openalex.org/W2157289187","https://openalex.org/W2162273778","https://openalex.org/W2171801645","https://openalex.org/W2529275262","https://openalex.org/W2599124244","https://openalex.org/W2614636534","https://openalex.org/W2731964405","https://openalex.org/W2753683282","https://openalex.org/W2793420802","https://openalex.org/W2795960359","https://openalex.org/W2884597122","https://openalex.org/W2890656423","https://openalex.org/W2894771803","https://openalex.org/W2899050988","https://openalex.org/W2911220936","https://openalex.org/W2922497623","https://openalex.org/W2966883466","https://openalex.org/W2978697615","https://openalex.org/W2979903110","https://openalex.org/W2980792260","https://openalex.org/W3003750636","https://openalex.org/W3029841721","https://openalex.org/W3033146535","https://openalex.org/W3044045419","https://openalex.org/W3157785481","https://openalex.org/W3186336822","https://openalex.org/W3195146636","https://openalex.org/W4205539074","https://openalex.org/W4224092713","https://openalex.org/W4237464814","https://openalex.org/W4281555995","https://openalex.org/W4285071509","https://openalex.org/W4323927812","https://openalex.org/W4361994982","https://openalex.org/W4362496488","https://openalex.org/W4364383234","https://openalex.org/W4382240624","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4387421163","https://openalex.org/W4396594298","https://openalex.org/W4396676111","https://openalex.org/W4400813208"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2183783065"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"a":[2,66],"novel":[3],"multimodal":[4],"dataset":[5,14,32],"for":[6,129,153],"cognitive":[7,25,92],"load":[8,26,54,93],"assessment":[9],"in":[10,82],"real-time":[11],"(CLARE).":[12],"The":[13,31],"contains":[15],"physiological":[16],"and":[17,45,70,110,121,149,168],"gaze":[18,46],"data":[19],"from":[20],"24":[21],"participants":[22,56,89],"with":[23,77,107,146,165],"self-reported":[24],"scores":[27],"as":[28],"ground-truth":[29],"labels.":[30],"consists":[33],"of":[34,52,80],"four":[35,62],"modalities,":[36],"namely,":[37,119],"electrocardiography":[38],"(ECG),":[39],"electrodermal":[40],"activity":[41],"(EDA),":[42],"electroencephalogram":[43],"(EEG),":[44],"tracking.":[47],"To":[48],"map":[49],"diverse":[50],"levels":[51,79],"mental":[53,71],"on":[55,65,114],"during":[57],"experiments,":[58],"each":[59],"participant":[60],"completed":[61],"9-min":[63],"sessions":[64],"computer-based":[67],"operator":[68],"performance":[69,145,157],"workload":[72],"task":[73],"(the":[74],"MATB-II":[75],"software)":[76],"varying":[78],"complexity":[81],"1":[83],"min":[84],"segments.":[85],"During":[86],"the":[87,98,132,142,155,161],"experiment,":[88],"reported":[90],"their":[91],"every":[94],"10":[95],"s.":[96],"For":[97],"dataset,":[99],"we":[100],"also":[101],"provide":[102],"benchmark":[103],"binary":[104],"classification":[105,144],"results":[106,126],"machine":[108],"learning":[109,112,139,163],"deep":[111,138,162],"models":[113],"two":[115],"different":[116],"evaluation":[117],"schemes,":[118],"10-fold":[120,130],"leave-one-subject-out":[122],"(LOSO)":[123],"cross-validation.":[124],"Benchmark":[125],"show":[127],"that":[128],"evaluation,":[131],"convolutional":[133],"neural":[134],"network":[135],"(CNN)":[136],"based":[137],"model":[140,164],"achieves":[141],"best":[143,156],"ECG,":[147,166],"EDA,":[148,167],"gaze.":[150],"In":[151],"contrast,":[152],"LOSO,":[154],"is":[158],"achieved":[159],"by":[160],"EEG.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}