{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4376461217","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2023.3274214","title":"AdaDet: An Adaptive Object Detection System Based on Early-Exit Neural Networks","display_name":"AdaDet: An Adaptive Object Detection System Based on Early-Exit Neural Networks","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4376461217","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2023.3274214"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcds.2023.3274214","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2023.3274214","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2488537894","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","issn_l":"2379-8920","issn":["2379-8920","2379-8939"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015605020","display_name":"Le Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8379-4915"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Le Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Deep Space Exploration Intelligent Information Technology, School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Deep Space Exploration Intelligent Information Technology, School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111569023","display_name":"Ziwei Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8759-5889"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziwei Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Deep Space Exploration Intelligent Information Technology, School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Deep Space Exploration Intelligent Information Technology, School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004748988","display_name":"Jian Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4091-2165"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Deep Space Exploration Intelligent Information Technology, School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Deep Space Exploration Intelligent Information Technology, School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068624597","display_name":"Shiji Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7361-9283"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiji Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013240918","display_name":"Gao Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7251-0988"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gao Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100373576","display_name":"Fan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7566-1634"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Deep Space Exploration Intelligent Information Technology, School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Deep Space Exploration Intelligent Information Technology, School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015605020"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.333,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95756617,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"1","first_page":"332","last_page":"345"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8643327355384827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.7515995502471924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.6780022382736206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6444851756095886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5252501368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.49825501441955566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.48696669936180115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4623720645904541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.45725956559181213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-neuro-fuzzy-inference-system","display_name":"Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system","score":0.4327126741409302}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8643327355384827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.7515995502471924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.6780022382736206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6444851756095886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5252501368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.49825501441955566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.48696669936180115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4623720645904541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.45725956559181213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186108316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352530","display_name":"Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system","level":4,"score":0.4327126741409302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195975749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475705","display_name":"Fuzzy control system","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcds.2023.3274214","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2023.3274214","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2488537894","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","issn_l":"2379-8920","issn":["2379-8920","2379-8939"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4960688431","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BX2021241","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335768","funder_display_name":"National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7423033665","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62206215","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335768","display_name":"National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1989702938","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2562731582","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2579985080","https://openalex.org/W2601564443","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2794517705","https://openalex.org/W2962677013","https://openalex.org/W2962677625","https://openalex.org/W2962845546","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963125010","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963897760","https://openalex.org/W2963993763","https://openalex.org/W2964241181","https://openalex.org/W2966796096","https://openalex.org/W2966926453","https://openalex.org/W2981812042","https://openalex.org/W2981958729","https://openalex.org/W2982770724","https://openalex.org/W2990631821","https://openalex.org/W2990792015","https://openalex.org/W2990954877","https://openalex.org/W3012573144","https://openalex.org/W3019321633","https://openalex.org/W3035396860","https://openalex.org/W3035424951","https://openalex.org/W3092663126","https://openalex.org/W3102775700","https://openalex.org/W3109632933","https://openalex.org/W3168652588","https://openalex.org/W3171660447","https://openalex.org/W3175496347","https://openalex.org/W3175773336","https://openalex.org/W3179888767","https://openalex.org/W3190492058","https://openalex.org/W3203003533","https://openalex.org/W3204647170","https://openalex.org/W3208696577","https://openalex.org/W3211681816","https://openalex.org/W4207012945","https://openalex.org/W4246193833","https://openalex.org/W4285079134","https://openalex.org/W4293584584","https://openalex.org/W4312429345","https://openalex.org/W6732243160","https://openalex.org/W6741753902","https://openalex.org/W6745447533","https://openalex.org/W6749810415","https://openalex.org/W6750227808","https://openalex.org/W6760424586","https://openalex.org/W6784233108","https://openalex.org/W6785465245","https://openalex.org/W6790299800"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2114654021","https://openalex.org/W2263529430","https://openalex.org/W2389800468","https://openalex.org/W4390103748","https://openalex.org/W2763641192","https://openalex.org/W2150377753","https://openalex.org/W2392430664","https://openalex.org/W3162202563","https://openalex.org/W2377425550","https://openalex.org/W3006331445"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"researchers":[1],"have":[2],"proposed":[3,144,191],"adaptive":[4,39,89,200],"inference":[5,14,40,201],"methods":[6],"with":[7,22],"an":[8,62,76,118,126,139],"early-exiting":[9],"mechanism,":[10],"which":[11,122],"stops":[12],"the":[13,19,33,38,67,111,114,131,134,143,156,175,190,204],"procedure":[15],"of":[16,35,69,113,133],"input":[17,140],"if":[18],"prediction":[20,198],"is":[21,56],"high":[23],"confidence,":[24],"leading":[25,159],"to":[26,65,103,129,160,173,179],"a":[27,51,87],"fine-grained":[28],"resource":[29],"allocation":[30],"based":[31,94,120],"on":[32,95,121,203],"complexity":[34],"inputs.":[36],"However,":[37],"strategy":[41],"can":[42,109],"only":[43,169],"be":[44],"applied":[45],"for":[46,53,72,117,138,164],"image":[47],"classification":[48],"tasks,":[49],"such":[50],"system":[52,92],"object":[54,90],"detection":[55,70,91,115,136,150,157,182,194],"still":[57],"under-investigated":[58],"since":[59],"it":[60],"lacks":[61],"appropriate":[63],"way":[64],"measure":[66,110],"uncertainty":[68,112],"results":[71,137,151,183],"multiple":[73],"objects":[74],"in":[75,82,212],"image.":[77,141],"To":[78],"address":[79],"this":[80,83,213],"issue,":[81],"article,":[84],"we":[85,123],"propose":[86],"novel":[88],"(AdaDet)":[93],"early-exit":[96],"neural":[97],"networks.":[98],"By":[99],"using":[100],"stochastic":[101],"variables":[102],"represent":[104],"localization":[105],"predictions,":[106],"our":[107],"method":[108],"result":[116],"object,":[119],"further":[124],"develop":[125],"entropy-based":[127],"criterion":[128],"estimate":[130],"reliability":[132],"whole":[135,176],"With":[142],"method,":[145],"samples":[146],"that":[147,189],"achieve":[148,180],"high-confidence":[149],"will":[152],"exit":[153],"early":[154],"from":[155],"model,":[158],"low":[161],"computational":[162,177],"costs":[163],"inferring":[165],"these":[166],"samples.":[167],"While":[168],"complex":[170],"images":[171],"need":[172],"finish":[174],"graph":[178],"better":[181],"during":[184],"inference.":[185],"We":[186],"experimentally":[187],"demonstrate":[188],"AdaDet":[192],"enhances":[193],"performance":[195],"under":[196],"anytime":[197],"and":[199],"settings":[202],"most":[205],"common":[206],"data":[207],"set":[208],"(MS":[209],"COCO)":[210],"used":[211],"field.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-29T08:15:47.926485","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}