{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4318954085","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2023.3241632","title":"Applied Exoskeleton Technology: A Comprehensive Review of Physical and Cognitive Human\u2013Robot Interaction","display_name":"Applied Exoskeleton Technology: A Comprehensive Review of Physical and Cognitive Human\u2013Robot Interaction","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4318954085","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2023.3241632"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcds.2023.3241632","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2023.3241632","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2488537894","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","issn_l":"2379-8920","issn":["2379-8920","2379-8939"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085433833","display_name":"Farhad Nazari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1747-7011"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149704539","display_name":"Deakin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02czsnj07","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Farhad Nazari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032683538","display_name":"Navid Mohajer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2785-4781"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149704539","display_name":"Deakin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02czsnj07","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Navid Mohajer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008390039","display_name":"Darius Nahavandi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5007-9584"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149704539","display_name":"Deakin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02czsnj07","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Darius Nahavandi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059557438","display_name":"Abbas Khosravi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6927-0744"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149704539","display_name":"Deakin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02czsnj07","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abbas Khosravi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015293969","display_name":"Saeid Nahavandi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0360-5270"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149704539","display_name":"Deakin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02czsnj07","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saeid Nahavandi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085433833"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.2582,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95036241,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"3","first_page":"1102","last_page":"1122"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11023","display_name":"Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Robotics","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11023","display_name":"Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Robotics","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10510","display_name":"Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2742","display_name":"Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exoskeleton","display_name":"Exoskeleton","score":0.8709462881088257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7455130815505981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.6397597789764404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.6304885149002075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-technology","display_name":"Wearable technology","score":0.5189597010612488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.4991316795349121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.48954305052757263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.4575038254261017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.4514752924442291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/assistive-technology","display_name":"Assistive technology","score":0.42616069316864014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.3573075532913208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.27464160323143005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.17927727103233337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.09575405716896057}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146549078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191944","display_name":"Exoskeleton","level":2,"score":0.8709462881088257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7455130815505981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.6397597789764404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.6304885149002075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54290928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4845080","display_name":"Wearable technology","level":3,"score":0.5189597010612488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4991316795349121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.48954305052757263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4575038254261017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.4514752924442291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017715821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q688498","display_name":"Assistive technology","level":2,"score":0.42616069316864014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3573075532913208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.27464160323143005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.17927727103233337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.09575405716896057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcds.2023.3241632","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2023.3241632","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2488537894","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","issn_l":"2379-8920","issn":["2379-8920","2379-8939"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":212,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W180512009","https://openalex.org/W600400792","https://openalex.org/W1515749184","https://openalex.org/W1551923643","https://openalex.org/W1554436968","https://openalex.org/W1571978122","https://openalex.org/W1578711174","https://openalex.org/W1928734236","https://openalex.org/W1949922239","https://openalex.org/W1956237300","https://openalex.org/W1966636560","https://openalex.org/W1967904302","https://openalex.org/W1968334754","https://openalex.org/W1972239908","https://openalex.org/W1977872363","https://openalex.org/W1977929578","https://openalex.org/W1979441261","https://openalex.org/W1983393109","https://openalex.org/W1984877834","https://openalex.org/W2002499457","https://openalex.org/W2007354835","https://openalex.org/W2012300725","https://openalex.org/W2015244452","https://openalex.org/W2015977498","https://openalex.org/W2017408536","https://openalex.org/W2019526129","https://openalex.org/W2020979714","https://openalex.org/W2022401222","https://openalex.org/W2024848799","https://openalex.org/W2029028294","https://openalex.org/W2033433965","https://openalex.org/W2036335744","https://openalex.org/W2038439784","https://openalex.org/W2040145167","https://openalex.org/W2040344946","https://openalex.org/W2040577347","https://openalex.org/W2042541291","https://openalex.org/W2043137231","https://openalex.org/W2044250395","https://openalex.org/W2044628302","https://openalex.org/W2045845811","https://openalex.org/W2049292590","https://openalex.org/W2049412544","https://openalex.org/W2055823008","https://openalex.org/W2058074226","https://openalex.org/W2060673393","https://openalex.org/W2062438344","https://openalex.org/W2070054839","https://openalex.org/W2070825536","https://openalex.org/W2073290041","https://openalex.org/W2073801600","https://openalex.org/W2075557971","https://openalex.org/W2076024315","https://openalex.org/W2081254081","https://openalex.org/W2084524231","https://openalex.org/W2086473770","https://openalex.org/W2093185395","https://openalex.org/W2093937828","https://openalex.org/W2096948926","https://openalex.org/W2097092203","https://openalex.org/W2100792856","https://openalex.org/W2102046115","https://openalex.org/W2105595651","https://openalex.org/W2106526692","https://openalex.org/W2108419276","https://openalex.org/W2117151438","https://openalex.org/W2121227960","https://openalex.org/W2123239981","https://openalex.org/W2125616855","https://openalex.org/W2126097529","https://openalex.org/W2126447826","https://openalex.org/W2133297572","https://openalex.org/W2135270981","https://openalex.org/W2138300314","https://openalex.org/W2139603211","https://openalex.org/W2141596924","https://openalex.org/W2144781570","https://openalex.org/W2144910137","https://openalex.org/W2147988336","https://openalex.org/W2148459629","https://openalex.org/W2148796737","https://openalex.org/W2152318928","https://openalex.org/W2154128597","https://openalex.org/W2155415405","https://openalex.org/W2158728671","https://openalex.org/W2161538281","https://openalex.org/W2165619603","https://openalex.org/W2166978470","https://openalex.org/W2168224345","https://openalex.org/W2169664468","https://openalex.org/W2172072701","https://openalex.org/W2173194528","https://openalex.org/W2185748799","https://openalex.org/W2240463849","https://openalex.org/W2247634750","https://openalex.org/W2277108862","https://openalex.org/W2280792794","https://openalex.org/W2321288301","https://openalex.org/W2342969844","https://openalex.org/W2343715419","https://openalex.org/W2344493762","https://openalex.org/W2345584164","https://openalex.org/W2347006312","https://openalex.org/W2365457334","https://openalex.org/W2410362566","https://openalex.org/W2436314850","https://openalex.org/W2484215240","https://openalex.org/W2528752989","https://openalex.org/W2555541061","https://openalex.org/W2577593902","https://openalex.org/W2604843307","https://openalex.org/W2609988131","https://openalex.org/W2626399521","https://openalex.org/W2738109399","https://openalex.org/W2742744172","https://openalex.org/W2745042350","https://openalex.org/W2754488602","https://openalex.org/W2762367260","https://openalex.org/W2765746460","https://openalex.org/W2779863938","https://openalex.org/W2784881541","https://openalex.org/W2785235942","https://openalex.org/W2791391499","https://openalex.org/W2792578571","https://openalex.org/W2793034949","https://openalex.org/W2794170378","https://openalex.org/W2799770949","https://openalex.org/W2807119323","https://openalex.org/W2883265178","https://openalex.org/W2886903801","https://openalex.org/W2888340064","https://openalex.org/W2890657955","https://openalex.org/W2902867562","https://openalex.org/W2908002960","https://openalex.org/W2908167939","https://openalex.org/W2915722752","https://openalex.org/W2945083665","https://openalex.org/W2956270906","https://openalex.org/W2964474109","https://openalex.org/W2967902380","https://openalex.org/W2975206006","https://openalex.org/W2978480937","https://openalex.org/W2990068415","https://openalex.org/W2990401012","https://openalex.org/W2991439623","https://openalex.org/W3000976187","https://openalex.org/W3003030569","https://openalex.org/W3008532594","https://openalex.org/W3016092261","https://openalex.org/W3017117590","https://openalex.org/W3017491646","https://openalex.org/W3020019805","https://openalex.org/W3022315434","https://openalex.org/W3023051933","https://openalex.org/W3024547294","https://openalex.org/W3031718728","https://openalex.org/W3035390057","https://openalex.org/W3035774954","https://openalex.org/W3037879452","https://openalex.org/W3039859686","https://openalex.org/W3040036464","https://openalex.org/W3040216281","https://openalex.org/W3046109807","https://openalex.org/W3047097415","https://openalex.org/W3047565091","https://openalex.org/W3082773876","https://openalex.org/W3083523983","https://openalex.org/W3084684600","https://openalex.org/W3093197436","https://openalex.org/W3104388512","https://openalex.org/W3107239624","https://openalex.org/W3109996502","https://openalex.org/W3114694914","https://openalex.org/W3116097933","https://openalex.org/W3121755061","https://openalex.org/W3121774488","https://openalex.org/W3125438769","https://openalex.org/W3128015947","https://openalex.org/W3135278853","https://openalex.org/W3142841237","https://openalex.org/W3161303452","https://openalex.org/W3167778509","https://openalex.org/W3168175832","https://openalex.org/W3169367069","https://openalex.org/W3212568596","https://openalex.org/W3216881477","https://openalex.org/W4200426196","https://openalex.org/W4205467692","https://openalex.org/W4205559380","https://openalex.org/W4206746217","https://openalex.org/W4206903421","https://openalex.org/W4210387457","https://openalex.org/W4213159077","https://openalex.org/W4223928002","https://openalex.org/W4223934205","https://openalex.org/W4225676845","https://openalex.org/W4246739026","https://openalex.org/W4252554976","https://openalex.org/W4286909975","https://openalex.org/W6633236052","https://openalex.org/W6641060993","https://openalex.org/W6646738494","https://openalex.org/W6661003015","https://openalex.org/W6685416381","https://openalex.org/W6704933141","https://openalex.org/W6714236221","https://openalex.org/W6736429057","https://openalex.org/W6758175597","https://openalex.org/W6779009977","https://openalex.org/W6780038238","https://openalex.org/W6806846983","https://openalex.org/W6840528724"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3090300519","https://openalex.org/W2514492205","https://openalex.org/W4250401876","https://openalex.org/W2943851981","https://openalex.org/W2095299560","https://openalex.org/W2907667791","https://openalex.org/W3047461507","https://openalex.org/W3126390843","https://openalex.org/W4245880644","https://openalex.org/W2999186374"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Exoskeletons":[0],"and":[1,30,46,63,90,99,109,133,177],"orthoses":[2],"are":[3],"wearable":[4],"mobile":[5],"systems":[6],"providing":[7,80],"mechanical":[8],"benefits":[9],"to":[10,25,43,52,88,95,127,148,151],"users.":[11],"Despite":[12],"significant":[13],"improvements":[14],"in":[15,169],"the":[16,19,92,111],"last":[17],"decades,":[18],"technology":[20,41],"is":[21],"not":[22],"fully":[23],"mature":[24],"be":[26,44,116,142,158,184],"adopted":[27],"for":[28,137,174],"strenuous":[29],"nonprogrammed":[31],"tasks.":[32],"To":[33,102],"accommodate":[34],"this":[35,40,96],"insufficiency,":[36],"different":[37,170],"aspects":[38,55,94],"of":[39,56,75,165,180],"need":[42],"analyzed":[45],"improved.":[47],"Numerous":[48],"studies":[49],"have":[50,69],"tried":[51],"address":[53,103],"some":[54],"exoskeletons,":[57,110],"e.g.,":[58],"mechanism":[59],"design,":[60],"intent":[61],"prediction,":[62],"control":[64,136,153],"scheme.":[65],"However,":[66],"most":[67],"works":[68],"focused":[70],"on":[71],"a":[72,81,145],"specific":[73],"element":[74],"design":[76,113],"or":[77],"application":[78],"without":[79],"comprehensive":[82],"review":[83],"framework.":[84],"This":[85],"study":[86,156],"aims":[87],"analyze":[89],"survey":[91],"contributing":[93],"technology\u2019s":[97],"improvement":[98],"broad":[100],"adoption.":[101],"this,":[104],"after":[105,144],"introducing":[106],"assistive":[107,167],"devices":[108,168],"main":[112],"criteria":[114],"will":[115,141,157,183],"investigated":[117,143],"from":[118],"both":[119],"physical":[120],"human\u2013robot":[121],"interaction":[122],"(HRI)":[123],"perspectives.":[124],"In":[125],"order":[126],"establish":[128],"an":[129],"intelligent":[130],"HRI":[131,140],"strategy":[132],"enable":[134],"intuitive":[135],"users,":[138],"cognitive":[139],"brief":[146],"introduction":[147],"various":[149],"approaches":[150],"their":[152],"strategies.":[154],"The":[155],"further":[159],"developed":[160],"by":[161],"outlining":[162],"several":[163],"examples":[164],"known":[166],"categories.":[171],"Some":[172],"guidelines":[173],"exoskeleton":[175],"selection":[176],"possible":[178],"mitigation":[179],"current":[181],"limitations":[182],"discussed.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-07T14:57:38.498316","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}