{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3210837812","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2022.3163022","title":"Bootstrapping Concept Formation in Small Neural Networks","display_name":"Bootstrapping Concept Formation in Small Neural Networks","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3210837812","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2022.3163022","mag":"3210837812"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcds.2022.3163022","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2022.3163022","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2488537894","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","issn_l":"2379-8920","issn":["2379-8920","2379-8939"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2110.13665","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026724617","display_name":"Minija Tamo\u0161i\u016bnait\u0117","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2996-3612"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minija Tamosiunaite","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department for Computational Neuroscience, Third Physics Institute, University of G&#x00F6;ttingen, G&#x00F6;ttingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2996-3612","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department for Computational Neuroscience, Third Physics Institute, University of G&#x00F6;ttingen, G&#x00F6;ttingen, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071193084","display_name":"Tomas Kulvi\u010dius","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3390-6418"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomas Kulvicius","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department for Computational Neuroscience, Third Physics Institute, University of G&#x00F6;ttingen, G&#x00F6;ttingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3390-6418","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department for Computational Neuroscience, Third Physics Institute, University of G&#x00F6;ttingen, G&#x00F6;ttingen, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023811677","display_name":"Florentin W\u00f6rg\u00f6tter","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Florentin W\u00f6rg\u00f6tter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department for Computational Neuroscience, Third Physics Institute, University of G&#x00F6;ttingen, G&#x00F6;ttingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8206-9738","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department for Computational Neuroscience, Third Physics Institute, University of G&#x00F6;ttingen, G&#x00F6;ttingen, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1387,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.50999223,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"2","first_page":"566","last_page":"580"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14394","display_name":"Cognitive Science and Education Research","score":0.972599983215332,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11431","display_name":"Action Observation and Synchronization","score":0.9458000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8253788352012634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/associative-property","display_name":"Associative property","score":0.7066457271575928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bootstrapping","display_name":"Bootstrapping (finance)","score":0.6326539516448975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5890324711799622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-relational-learning","display_name":"Statistical relational learning","score":0.5269677639007568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5117120742797852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4755273163318634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.47002077102661133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action","display_name":"Action (physics)","score":0.45104172825813293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.32742759585380554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relational-database","display_name":"Relational database","score":0.2031133770942688}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8253788352012634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159423971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177251","display_name":"Associative property","level":2,"score":0.7066457271575928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207609745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4944086","display_name":"Bootstrapping (finance)","level":2,"score":0.6326539516448975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5890324711799622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177877439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7604413","display_name":"Statistical relational learning","level":3,"score":0.5269677639007568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5117120742797852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4755273163318634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.47002077102661133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.45104172825813293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.32742759585380554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5655090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192588","display_name":"Relational database","level":2,"score":0.2031133770942688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106159729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294553","display_name":"Financial economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcds.2022.3163022","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2022.3163022","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2488537894","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","issn_l":"2379-8920","issn":["2379-8920","2379-8939"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2110.13665","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2110.13665","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2110.13665","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:7920071","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/7920071","pdf_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/7920071","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.goettingen-research-online.de:2/132001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/132001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401634","display_name":"GoeScholar  The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universit\u00e4t G\u00f6ttingen (Georg-August-Universit\u00e4t G\u00f6ttingen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210122495","host_organization_name":"Asklepios Klinik St. Georg","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122495"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:vdu.lt:20.500.12259/259665","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12259/259665","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055361","display_name":"Vytautas Magnus University","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"research article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2110.13665","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2110.13665","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2110.13665","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.44999998807907104}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G399033647","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"899265","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":92,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W8140010","https://openalex.org/W37115870","https://openalex.org/W95201837","https://openalex.org/W110276385","https://openalex.org/W138221695","https://openalex.org/W211918120","https://openalex.org/W1481820510","https://openalex.org/W1488252886","https://openalex.org/W1506047933","https://openalex.org/W1554652253","https://openalex.org/W1567832587","https://openalex.org/W1597540148","https://openalex.org/W1958599709","https://openalex.org/W1965976819","https://openalex.org/W1966089223","https://openalex.org/W1966102928","https://openalex.org/W1967407878","https://openalex.org/W1979009696","https://openalex.org/W1986781756","https://openalex.org/W1986787497","https://openalex.org/W1990517717","https://openalex.org/W2014235571","https://openalex.org/W2017197542","https://openalex.org/W2023162769","https://openalex.org/W2025460877","https://openalex.org/W2026675255","https://openalex.org/W2030905557","https://openalex.org/W2037934646","https://openalex.org/W2045031658","https://openalex.org/W2047535883","https://openalex.org/W2059010387","https://openalex.org/W2062183687","https://openalex.org/W2064084932","https://openalex.org/W2067840211","https://openalex.org/W2074965724","https://openalex.org/W2076231613","https://openalex.org/W2077597530","https://openalex.org/W2081919858","https://openalex.org/W2093020640","https://openalex.org/W2098277934","https://openalex.org/W2099821308","https://openalex.org/W2105780862","https://openalex.org/W2107019937","https://openalex.org/W2109933556","https://openalex.org/W2118450042","https://openalex.org/W2124032835","https://openalex.org/W2136851074","https://openalex.org/W2141232319","https://openalex.org/W2147101007","https://openalex.org/W2150544450","https://openalex.org/W2150671164","https://openalex.org/W2164936082","https://openalex.org/W2323385789","https://openalex.org/W2430782727","https://openalex.org/W2434184590","https://openalex.org/W2528489519","https://openalex.org/W2537084945","https://openalex.org/W2555527003","https://openalex.org/W2598638904","https://openalex.org/W2731648457","https://openalex.org/W2762576294","https://openalex.org/W2767706754","https://openalex.org/W2768991864","https://openalex.org/W2794576793","https://openalex.org/W2890574125","https://openalex.org/W2917030029","https://openalex.org/W2920992983","https://openalex.org/W2946846990","https://openalex.org/W2947813474","https://openalex.org/W2963475757","https://openalex.org/W2964682962","https://openalex.org/W2967872876","https://openalex.org/W2968594866","https://openalex.org/W2968831645","https://openalex.org/W2970342086","https://openalex.org/W3000541057","https://openalex.org/W3004047800","https://openalex.org/W3022532439","https://openalex.org/W3096472747","https://openalex.org/W3110909889","https://openalex.org/W3111966849","https://openalex.org/W3150281526","https://openalex.org/W4214723536","https://openalex.org/W4233725725","https://openalex.org/W4234588466","https://openalex.org/W4244205768","https://openalex.org/W6600358712","https://openalex.org/W6603842590","https://openalex.org/W6604434374","https://openalex.org/W6628794645","https://openalex.org/W6629403180","https://openalex.org/W6685813792"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1534274833","https://openalex.org/W3117246195","https://openalex.org/W2081850291","https://openalex.org/W156620619","https://openalex.org/W2914363205","https://openalex.org/W1598221548","https://openalex.org/W1963695443","https://openalex.org/W2997844990","https://openalex.org/W2616249226","https://openalex.org/W3121940562"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"question":[1],"how":[2],"neural":[3,61],"systems":[4],"(of":[5],"humans)":[6],"can":[7,153],"perform":[8],"reasoning":[9],"is":[10,24,193],"still":[11],"far":[12],"from":[13,72,116],"being":[14],"solved.":[15],"We":[16,31,144],"posit":[17],"that":[18,63,146,190],"the":[19,73,77,83,86,91,98,102,110,114,124,127,133,147],"process":[20,92],"of":[21,85,93,104,126],"forming":[22],"Concepts":[23,35],"a":[25,54,59,162,186],"fundamental":[26],"step":[27],"required":[28],"for":[29,177],"this.":[30],"argue":[32],"that,":[33],"first,":[34],"are":[36,42,88],"formed":[37],"as":[38,156,185],"closed":[39],"representations,":[40],"which":[41,76,159],"then":[43,122],"consolidated":[44],"by":[45,113,136,140],"relating":[46],"them":[47],"to":[48,101,195],"each":[49],"other.":[50],"Here,":[51],"we":[52],"present":[53,166],"model":[55],"system":[56,173],"(agent)":[57],"with":[58],"small":[60],"network":[62],"uses":[64],"realistic":[65],"learning":[66,192],"rules":[67],"and":[68,188],"receives":[69],"only":[70],"feedback":[71,130],"environment":[74],"in":[75,97,161,167],"agent":[78,87,115,128],"performs":[79],"virtual":[80],"actions.":[81],"First,":[82],"actions":[84],"reflexive.":[89],"In":[90],"learning,":[94],"statistical":[95],"regularities":[96],"input":[99],"lead":[100],"formation":[103],"neuronal":[105,148],"pools":[106,149],"representing":[107,150],"relations":[108],"between":[109],"entities":[111],"observed":[112],"its":[117],"artificial":[118],"world.":[119],"This":[120,172],"information":[121,152],"influences":[123],"behavior":[125],"via":[129],"connections":[131],"replacing":[132],"initial":[134],"reflex":[135],"an":[137],"action":[138],"driven":[139],"these":[141],"relational":[142,151],"representations.":[143],"hypothesize":[145],"be":[154,165,183],"considered":[155],"primordial":[157],"Concepts,":[158],"may":[160],"similar":[163],"way":[164],"some":[168],"prelinguistic":[169],"animals,":[170],"too.":[171],"provides":[174],"formal":[175],"grounds":[176],"further":[178],"discussions":[179],"on":[180],"what":[181],"could":[182],"understood":[184],"Concept":[187],"shows":[189],"associative":[191],"enough":[194],"develop":[196],"concept-like":[197],"structures.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
