{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226344365","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2022.3157772","title":"3-D Facial Feature Reconstruction and Learning Network for Facial Expression Recognition in the Wild","display_name":"3-D Facial Feature Reconstruction and Learning Network for Facial Expression Recognition in the Wild","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226344365","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2022.3157772"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcds.2022.3157772","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2022.3157772","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2488537894","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","issn_l":"2379-8920","issn":["2379-8920","2379-8939"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041345011","display_name":"Ning Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6907-3756"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ning Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Research Center of Wideband Wireless Communication Technology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6907-3756","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center of Wideband Wireless Communication Technology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075761509","display_name":"Jianglong Tao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianglong Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communication and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communication and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081669641","display_name":"Jixin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8414-4199"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jixin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Research Center of Wideband Wireless Communication Technology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8414-4199","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center of Wideband Wireless Communication Technology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036049204","display_name":"Haian Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haian Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Research Center of Wideband Wireless Communication Technology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center of Wideband Wireless Communication Technology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071370650","display_name":"Guang Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4812-9180"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guang Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Research Center of Wideband Wireless Communication Technology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4812-9180","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center of Wideband Wireless Communication Technology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2513,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89281846,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":"298","last_page":"309"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7684054374694824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7014175653457642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6565784811973572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6351008415222168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.6105418801307678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6034517884254456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5967772006988525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.5062310099601746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.47397345304489136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4702806770801544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.45369911193847656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-hallucination","display_name":"Face hallucination","score":0.41322576999664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.20900669693946838}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7684054374694824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7014175653457642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6565784811973572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6351008415222168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.6105418801307678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6034517884254456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5967772006988525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.5062310099601746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.47397345304489136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4702806770801544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.45369911193847656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54654163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428359","display_name":"Face hallucination","level":5,"score":0.41322576999664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.20900669693946838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcds.2022.3157772","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2022.3157772","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2488537894","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","issn_l":"2379-8920","issn":["2379-8920","2379-8939"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1057750671","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20180088","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5921356299","display_name":"\u652f\u6301\u591a\u7c7b\u578b\u6df1\u5ea6\u7f51\u7edc\u77e5\u8bc6\u8fc1\u79fb\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u8ddf\u8e2a\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61871445","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7564392077","display_name":"\u9762\u5411\u667a\u80fd\u89c6\u9891\u76d1\u63a7\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u76ee\u6807\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u957f\u65f6\u7a0b\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u6a21\u578b\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61471206","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G981563439","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NY219071","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323268","funder_display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323268","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1631012836","https://openalex.org/W1662382123","https://openalex.org/W1766486746","https://openalex.org/W1967022116","https://openalex.org/W2041616772","https://openalex.org/W2058098602","https://openalex.org/W2060488580","https://openalex.org/W2083021723","https://openalex.org/W2124386111","https://openalex.org/W2160126058","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2265959009","https://openalex.org/W2479639417","https://openalex.org/W2487852963","https://openalex.org/W2559655401","https://openalex.org/W2738672149","https://openalex.org/W2745497104","https://openalex.org/W2765280073","https://openalex.org/W2798583514","https://openalex.org/W2799041689","https://openalex.org/W2805613995","https://openalex.org/W2806927661","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2889050557","https://openalex.org/W2896277673","https://openalex.org/W2897755852","https://openalex.org/W2904483377","https://openalex.org/W2946166696","https://openalex.org/W2948058585","https://openalex.org/W2948246283","https://openalex.org/W2962860871","https://openalex.org/W2963076818","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963433607","https://openalex.org/W2964015378","https://openalex.org/W2964321699","https://openalex.org/W2970851737","https://openalex.org/W2981441786","https://openalex.org/W2982345008","https://openalex.org/W2983825237","https://openalex.org/W2988472682","https://openalex.org/W2995832104","https://openalex.org/W3003720578","https://openalex.org/W3006012949","https://openalex.org/W3011667710","https://openalex.org/W3019410392","https://openalex.org/W3022246191","https://openalex.org/W3035174858","https://openalex.org/W3035336958","https://openalex.org/W3035783767","https://openalex.org/W3091535944","https://openalex.org/W3091862369","https://openalex.org/W3094502228","https://openalex.org/W3104300620","https://openalex.org/W3112113890","https://openalex.org/W3120399736","https://openalex.org/W3122081138","https://openalex.org/W3124054989","https://openalex.org/W3141497777","https://openalex.org/W3167373432","https://openalex.org/W6637178625","https://openalex.org/W6720006811","https://openalex.org/W6726873649","https://openalex.org/W6755106128","https://openalex.org/W6784333009","https://openalex.org/W6792072491"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2985118265","https://openalex.org/W325114128","https://openalex.org/W2024640171","https://openalex.org/W4220850864","https://openalex.org/W63491089","https://openalex.org/W4283639758","https://openalex.org/W4246863173","https://openalex.org/W2116055069","https://openalex.org/W4390269781","https://openalex.org/W1996076863"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Facial":[0],"expression":[1],"recognition":[2],"(FER)":[3],"in":[4,36,76,101,210,214,232],"the":[5,10,26,32,37,57,102,106,139,154,158,173,176,185,201,211,215,219,223,227],"wild":[6,38],"unavoidably":[7],"suffers":[8],"from":[9,138,157,222],"effects":[11,29],"of":[12,34,175],"face":[13,42,48,65,90,110,122,142,220],"posture,":[14],"illumination,":[15],"and":[16,30,45,78,93,113,125,195,213],"partial":[17],"occlusion.":[18],"In":[19,104,217],"this":[20],"article,":[21],"we":[22,83],"attempt":[23],"to":[24,127,183],"alleviate":[25],"above":[27],"negative":[28],"improve":[31],"performance":[33],"FER":[35,100,169,207],"based":[39],"on":[40],"3-D":[41,72,89,114,121,160],"feature":[43,91,129],"reconstruction":[44,49,92,123],"learning.":[46],"Three-dimensional":[47],"not":[50],"only":[51],"can":[52,68],"effectively":[53],"make":[54],"up":[55],"for":[56,99],"facial":[58,73,115,161,230],"apparent":[59,111,136,143],"information":[60,75],"missing":[61],"inform":[62],"a":[63,85,120,146,164],"2-D":[64,107,141],"images":[66],"but":[67],"also":[69],"extract":[70],"accurate":[71],"geometric":[74,155],"self-occlusion":[77],"extreme":[79],"illumination":[80],"scenarios.":[81],"Therefore,":[82],"propose":[84],"novel":[86],"end-to-end":[87],"trainable":[88],"learning":[94],"network":[95],"(3-DF-RLN)":[96],"is":[97,170],"proposed":[98,186,202],"wild.":[103,216],"3-DF-RLN,":[105],"implicitly":[108],"frontalized":[109],"data":[112,144],"landmarks":[116,162,231],"are":[117],"reconstructed":[118,140,159],"by":[119],"module":[124],"input":[126],"two":[128,177],"extraction":[130],"pathways.":[131,178],"The":[132,150,197],"appearance":[133],"pathway":[134,152,225],"learns":[135,153],"features":[137,156],"using":[145,163],"convolutional":[147,166],"neural":[148],"network.":[149,167],"geometry":[151,224],"graph":[165,221],"Finally,":[168],"achieved":[171],"via":[172],"fusion":[174],"Extensive":[179],"experiments":[180],"were":[181],"conducted":[182],"evaluate":[184],"method":[187],"with":[188],"three":[189],"benchmark":[190],"databases,":[191],"including":[192],"Multi-PIE,":[193],"RAF-DB,":[194],"AffectNet.":[196],"results":[198],"show":[199],"that":[200],"3-DF-RLN":[203],"model":[204],"has":[205],"better":[206],"performance,":[208],"both":[209],"lab":[212],"addition,":[218],"reveals":[226],"correlations":[228],"between":[229],"FER.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
