{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3155975142","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2021.3073694","title":"Time-Spatial Multiscale Net for Vehicle Counting and Traffic Volume Estimation","display_name":"Time-Spatial Multiscale Net for Vehicle Counting and Traffic Volume Estimation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3155975142","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2021.3073694","mag":"3155975142"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcds.2021.3073694","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2021.3073694","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2488537894","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","issn_l":"2379-8920","issn":["2379-8920","2379-8939"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100415971","display_name":"Shuang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4215-2195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4215-2195","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065058741","display_name":"Chunsheng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5516-2486"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunsheng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5516-2486","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070332088","display_name":"Faliang Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1276-2267"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faliang Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1276-2267","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3191,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82282621,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"2","first_page":"740","last_page":"751"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7744481563568115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/volume","display_name":"Volume (thermodynamics)","score":0.704975426197052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/background-subtraction","display_name":"Background subtraction","score":0.6792634725570679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/density-estimation","display_name":"Density estimation","score":0.5544673800468445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5049455761909485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subtraction","display_name":"Subtraction","score":0.4887695014476776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4747089445590973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.44940727949142456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4417087435722351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/net","display_name":"Net (polyhedron)","score":0.4185646176338196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.209686279296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.15562492609024048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1317225992679596}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7744481563568115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20556612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4469374","display_name":"Volume (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.704975426197052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32653426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813641","display_name":"Background subtraction","level":3,"score":0.6792634725570679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189508267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17088227","display_name":"Density estimation","level":3,"score":0.5544673800468445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5049455761909485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68060419","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40754","display_name":"Subtraction","level":2,"score":0.4887695014476776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4747089445590973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.44940727949142456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4417087435722351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14166107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q253829","display_name":"Net (polyhedron)","level":2,"score":0.4185646176338196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.209686279296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.15562492609024048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1317225992679596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcds.2021.3073694","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2021.3073694","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2488537894","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","issn_l":"2379-8920","issn":["2379-8920","2379-8939"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2739461422","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFB1305300","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4464827283","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61673244","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8946202518","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61703240","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2021805331","https://openalex.org/W2055022211","https://openalex.org/W2078825725","https://openalex.org/W2091440166","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2163937424","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2463631526","https://openalex.org/W2469004171","https://openalex.org/W2517499003","https://openalex.org/W2519281173","https://openalex.org/W2523002581","https://openalex.org/W2554546210","https://openalex.org/W2750840446","https://openalex.org/W2763418817","https://openalex.org/W2771079624","https://openalex.org/W2771539073","https://openalex.org/W2774394205","https://openalex.org/W2775118538","https://openalex.org/W2793872863","https://openalex.org/W2889364776","https://openalex.org/W2899228624","https://openalex.org/W2899438351","https://openalex.org/W2943646482","https://openalex.org/W2962854645","https://openalex.org/W3003490096","https://openalex.org/W3015388160","https://openalex.org/W3033917167","https://openalex.org/W3034566271","https://openalex.org/W3038916694","https://openalex.org/W4293584584"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2188430267","https://openalex.org/W2058768573","https://openalex.org/W2610698896","https://openalex.org/W2369265144","https://openalex.org/W1575672096","https://openalex.org/W2161219919","https://openalex.org/W28439884","https://openalex.org/W4244119470","https://openalex.org/W2753866198","https://openalex.org/W2059865486"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vehicle":[0],"counting":[1,59,145,154,177,183],"and":[2,15,28,43,60,68,122,140,146,155,185],"traffic":[3,7,13,61,147,192],"volume":[4,62,148,156,193],"estimation":[5,149,157],"on":[6,22,66,158,165],"videos":[8],"are":[9,20],"challenging":[10],"tasks":[11],"for":[12,57,87,91,111,153],"monitoring":[14],"management.":[16],"Most":[17],"previous":[18],"methods":[19],"based":[21],"a":[23,31,52,79,143],"process":[24,32],"of":[25,33,46,115,161],"vehicle":[26,58,144,176],"detection":[27],"tracking":[29,67],"or":[30],"time-spatial":[34,105],"image":[35],"(TSI)-based":[36],"background":[37,70],"subtraction,":[38],"which":[39,93],"suffer":[40],"from":[41,136],"occlusion":[42],"small":[44,138],"size":[45],"vehicles.":[47],"To":[48],"overcome":[49,132],"these":[50],"difficulties,":[51],"time-spatial-based":[53],"structure":[54,73],"is":[55,85,109,151],"proposed":[56,86,110,128,174,187],"estimation,":[63],"without":[64],"relying":[65],"TSI-based":[69,80],"subtraction.":[71],"This":[72],"has":[74],"three":[75],"main":[76],"parts.":[77],"First,":[78],"density":[81,89,113],"map":[82,114],"generation":[83],"model":[84,150],"generating":[88],"maps":[90],"TSIs,":[92],"makes":[94],"it":[95],"possible":[96],"to":[97],"automatically":[98],"generate":[99],"TSI":[100],"training":[101],"samples.":[102],"Second,":[103],"the":[104,118,123,127,133,159,166,173,180,186],"multiscale":[106,120],"net":[107],"(TM-Net)":[108],"estimating":[112],"TSI;":[116],"with":[117],"stacked":[119],"modules":[121],"spatial":[124],"attention":[125],"module,":[126],"TM-Net":[129],"can":[130,190],"partly":[131],"difficulties":[134],"brought":[135],"occlusion,":[137],"size,":[139],"deformation.":[141],"Finally,":[142],"designed":[152],"results":[160],"TM-Net.":[162],"Experiments":[163],"performed":[164],"public":[167],"UA-DETRAC":[168],"data":[169],"set":[170],"show":[171],"that":[172],"TM-Net-based":[175],"method":[178],"outperforms":[179],"tested":[181],"representative":[182],"methods,":[184],"framework":[188],"also":[189],"estimate":[191],"efficiently.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
