{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3143061595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2021.3069871","title":"The <i>Why</i>, <i>What</i>, and <i>How</i> of Artificial General Intelligence Chip Development","display_name":"The <i>Why</i>, <i>What</i>, and <i>How</i> of Artificial General Intelligence Chip Development","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3143061595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2021.3069871","mag":"3143061595"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcds.2021.3069871","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2021.3069871","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2488537894","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","issn_l":"2379-8920","issn":["2379-8920","2379-8939"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017719665","display_name":"Alex Pappachen James","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I348718759","display_name":"Kerala University of Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04md71v26","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I348718759"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68695296","display_name":"Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Kerala","ror":"https://ror.org/02w9cdh50","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68695296"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alex P. James","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Systems and Automation, Kerala University of Digital Sciences, Innovation and Technology, Technocity, Trivandrum, India","Centre for Artificial General Intelligence and Neuromorphic Systems, Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management Kerala, Technopark, Kazhakkotam, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Systems and Automation, Kerala University of Digital Sciences, Innovation and Technology, Technocity, Trivandrum, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I348718759"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Artificial General Intelligence and Neuromorphic Systems, Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management Kerala, Technopark, Kazhakkotam, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68695296"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017719665"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I348718759","https://openalex.org/I68695296"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8049,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84821839,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"2","first_page":"333","last_page":"347"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8184279203414917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5856719613075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5186821222305298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.47673001885414124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.45442700386047363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.4385731518268585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-general-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial general intelligence","score":0.43020814657211304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3583841919898987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.28318285942077637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.10160592198371887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09432744979858398}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8184279203414917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5856719613075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5186821222305298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.47673001885414124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.45442700386047363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.4385731518268585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162027153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2264109","display_name":"Artificial general intelligence","level":2,"score":0.43020814657211304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3583841919898987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.28318285942077637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.10160592198371887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09432744979858398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcds.2021.3069871","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2021.3069871","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2488537894","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","issn_l":"2379-8920","issn":["2379-8920","2379-8939"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5400000214576721,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":120,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W9602499","https://openalex.org/W49673716","https://openalex.org/W101492982","https://openalex.org/W173465256","https://openalex.org/W178381729","https://openalex.org/W183651414","https://openalex.org/W204232703","https://openalex.org/W206732676","https://openalex.org/W266616360","https://openalex.org/W1084962007","https://openalex.org/W1595223122","https://openalex.org/W1644916964","https://openalex.org/W1920715936","https://openalex.org/W1969944285","https://openalex.org/W1972512784","https://openalex.org/W1974764791","https://openalex.org/W1981135889","https://openalex.org/W1996336919","https://openalex.org/W2033147674","https://openalex.org/W2044890706","https://openalex.org/W2050336125","https://openalex.org/W2055396429","https://openalex.org/W2059601915","https://openalex.org/W2062625938","https://openalex.org/W2067523571","https://openalex.org/W2067741599","https://openalex.org/W2070167224","https://openalex.org/W2071705943","https://openalex.org/W2076655129","https://openalex.org/W2089101854","https://openalex.org/W2094629141","https://openalex.org/W2098241945","https://openalex.org/W2108884077","https://openalex.org/W2120541841","https://openalex.org/W2129936377","https://openalex.org/W2130360162","https://openalex.org/W2142753384","https://openalex.org/W2152839228","https://openalex.org/W2164937564","https://openalex.org/W2174287231","https://openalex.org/W2189849511","https://openalex.org/W2285660444","https://openalex.org/W2289252105","https://openalex.org/W2292733612","https://openalex.org/W2316898842","https://openalex.org/W2325468086","https://openalex.org/W2486700493","https://openalex.org/W2491632063","https://openalex.org/W2504570616","https://openalex.org/W2522548197","https://openalex.org/W2540124077","https://openalex.org/W2554197840","https://openalex.org/W2568763311","https://openalex.org/W2581868955","https://openalex.org/W2593564159","https://openalex.org/W2606722458","https://openalex.org/W2731215068","https://openalex.org/W2731422849","https://openalex.org/W2752839041","https://openalex.org/W2759266363","https://openalex.org/W2760393804","https://openalex.org/W2774506233","https://openalex.org/W2778935320","https://openalex.org/W2783525259","https://openalex.org/W2794822538","https://openalex.org/W2795655975","https://openalex.org/W2797372563","https://openalex.org/W2802592438","https://openalex.org/W2886453301","https://openalex.org/W2890743075","https://openalex.org/W2895545069","https://openalex.org/W2898360461","https://openalex.org/W2906048113","https://openalex.org/W2922004937","https://openalex.org/W2937192988","https://openalex.org/W2940908708","https://openalex.org/W2943354300","https://openalex.org/W2943488945","https://openalex.org/W2944145193","https://openalex.org/W2945465923","https://openalex.org/W2946591837","https://openalex.org/W2963499979","https://openalex.org/W2966081953","https://openalex.org/W2970585112","https://openalex.org/W2974778392","https://openalex.org/W2987103472","https://openalex.org/W2990793844","https://openalex.org/W2993091339","https://openalex.org/W2997143235","https://openalex.org/W2999537838","https://openalex.org/W3000624483","https://openalex.org/W3002889337","https://openalex.org/W3004127905","https://openalex.org/W3004442222","https://openalex.org/W3005496838","https://openalex.org/W3007324581","https://openalex.org/W3009126760","https://openalex.org/W3010339880","https://openalex.org/W3016391357","https://openalex.org/W3017582230","https://openalex.org/W3027474636","https://openalex.org/W3031139139","https://openalex.org/W3033308515","https://openalex.org/W3035961444","https://openalex.org/W3090174465","https://openalex.org/W3101174122","https://openalex.org/W3164237935","https://openalex.org/W4210427084","https://openalex.org/W4212942020","https://openalex.org/W4233168867","https://openalex.org/W4234060154","https://openalex.org/W4234863022","https://openalex.org/W4238081462","https://openalex.org/W4248397634","https://openalex.org/W4251009746","https://openalex.org/W4254618172","https://openalex.org/W4254865196","https://openalex.org/W4288917018","https://openalex.org/W6635620600","https://openalex.org/W6681436189"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2120447654","https://openalex.org/W2977179488","https://openalex.org/W2144453115","https://openalex.org/W2128223750","https://openalex.org/W4238532390","https://openalex.org/W2188872161","https://openalex.org/W2002978035","https://openalex.org/W2961779879","https://openalex.org/W2099348700","https://openalex.org/W2000428801"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,14],"AI":[1,28,39,58,97,103],"chips":[2],"increasingly":[3],"focus":[4],"on":[5,76],"implementing":[6],"neural":[7],"computing":[8,20],"at":[9],"low":[10],"power":[11],"and":[12,18,35,105,132],"cost.":[13],"intelligent":[15],"sensing,":[16],"automation,":[17],"edge":[19,102],"applications":[21],"have":[22],"been":[23],"the":[24,31,38,77,106,115,128],"market":[25],"drivers":[26],"for":[27,110,119,130],"chips.":[29],"Increasingly,":[30],"generalisation,":[32],"performance,":[33],"robustness,":[34],"scalability":[36],"of":[37,69,73,79,95,101],"chip":[40,59,98,112,123],"solutions":[41],"are":[42],"compared":[43],"with":[44,127],"human-like":[45],"intelligence":[46,57,80,87],"abilities.":[47],"Such":[48],"a":[49,93],"requirement":[50],"to":[51,55],"transit":[52],"from":[53],"application-specific":[54],"general":[56,86],"must":[60],"consider":[61],"several":[62],"factors.":[63],"This":[64,90],"article":[65],"provides":[66],"an":[67,121],"overview":[68],"this":[70],"cross-disciplinary":[71],"field":[72],"study,":[74],"elaborating":[75],"generalisation":[78],"as":[81],"understood":[82],"in":[83],"building":[84,120],"artificial":[85],"(AGI)":[88],"systems.":[89],"work":[91],"presents":[92],"listing":[94],"emerging":[96],"technologies,":[99],"classification":[100],"implementations,":[104],"funnel":[107],"design":[108,116],"flow":[109],"AGI":[111,122],"development.":[113],"Finally,":[114],"consideration":[117],"required":[118],"is":[124],"listed":[125],"along":[126],"methods":[129],"testing":[131],"validating":[133],"it.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
